||||!i|!|iil

itMi^MtRMm^MHitaB^HMlt

o

\Kuu

J&WifflOD of Mc^lHBkg

Sectional T.ibrorv

'I^JfBlI^

JOHN BR-OOKS HENDERSON

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA

ILLUSTRATIONS

SHELLS OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS,

VOL. VI.

VOLUTA.
EISSURELLA.
PARTULA.
ACHATINELLA.

CONTAINING MOXOGRAPIIS OF THE GEN

ARTEMIS.
LUCINA.
HEMIPECTEN.
OLIVA.

STROMBUS.
PTEROCERA.
ROSTELLARIA.
STRUTHIOLARIA.

LOVELL AUGUSTUS REEVE, F.L.S, F.Z.S.,

v'DINti MEMBKI! C
HISTUin

VATUKAI, HISTOET
V VOltK, AND UONC

IKTESIEEKG, AND OF THE LYCKUM OF NATURA
l; OF TIIL Il'SWKH MUSEUM.

" Almighty Cause ! 'tis thy preserving care,
That keeps thy works for ever fresh and fair :
Hence life acknowledges its glorious cause.
And matter owns it great disposer's laws ;
Hence flow the forms and properties of things ;
Hence rises hai-mony and order springs." — Boyso.

LONDON:

EKEVE AND BENHAM, HENIUETTA STREET, f:OVENT GARDEN,
1851.

s^^

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

V L U T A

" A convoluted sheU,
In frolic placed upon my shallop's side :—
A wondrous labjriutli where erst did dwell
A creature of the Indian seas ;— a cell
Fitted for Aphrodite."— iJoicrf 1I""I-

Volutu.Fl.I.

V L U T vV.

Plate

Genus Voluta, Linnaiis.

Testa ovata vel fusijhnnis, basi late emaryimdii, spirit nunc
brevi, nunc acuminato-exsertd, apice plerumque plus
minus oltuse papillari, interdum tenue nodulosd, an-
fractibus lavibtis vel tuberculatis, scepe rudi costatis,
interdum auteni raro cancellatis, columella fortiter
plicatd, plicis duabus ad quinque, interdum plicis
tenuibns numerosis supra, aperturd subampld, labro put-
rum incrassato, nunquam crenato. Operculum corneum.
Shell ovate or fusiform, broadly emarginated at the base,
spire now short, now acuminately exserted, apex
generally more or less obtusely papillary, sometimes
finely noduled, whorls smooth or tuberculated, often
rudely ribbed, sometimes but rarely cancellated, co-
lumella strongly plaited, plaits two to five in number,
with sometimes numerous fine plaits above, aperture
rather large, lip but little thickened, never crenated.
Operculum horny.
The Volutes, termed by an accomplished writer the
nobles of Testacea, just as LinnaBus, in his admiration of
the Palms, called them the princes of the vegetable world,
have always been "a fa/ourite genus among collectors. They
present an agreeable variety of form, a lively arrangement
of colours, and many are of eminent rarity. In its geo-
graphical range the genus is peculiarly Australian ; and
owing to the diffusion of our empire into that distant
region, whose fauna and flora are alike marked with a
character singularly distinct from those of any other part
of the world, we have become possessed of many species,
and varieties of species, which, from a country more gene-
rally accessible, would have been more equally shared by
other European cabinets. Of four-and-twenty species
truly ascertained to be from that locality, only seven were
known to Lamarck.

In reviewing the various modifications of character, our
attention should be first directed to the most permanent
featm-e of the genus, — the plaits of the columella. These
are mostly four or five in number, strongly developed and
winding round the pillar somewhat obliquely. In some
few species they are reduced to two and three in number,
and ai'e more rudely constructed. Occasionally they vary
a little in different individuals of the same species. In
others there are four or five strong plaits, and several
finer rudimentary plaits in addition. In form the Yo-
lutes are rather inconstant ; the same species being some-
times elongately convoluted, the spire proportionably ex-
serted, and sometimes shorter and contracted. The same
species is often smooth or tubercled, just as a Cone is
smooth or granulated ; and the closer and more contracted
the growth of an individual, the thicker and more jiro-
minently is the shell raised in tubercles. The best cha-
racters for the distinction of species are to be found in

certain parts of the shell, such as the apex, the base, the
general contour of the body-whorl, its texture aud sub-
stance, the outUue of the aperture, and, above all, in the
general design of painting. However much a species
may diil'er in its plan of convolution, the parts referred to
are the same ; and however variable a species may be in
colour, there is but one idea in its pattern and manner of
distribution. There is more constancy in the pencil of
the Volute, than in the colours of its palette.

In most species of the genus Voluta the apex is blunt
and papillary ; that is, the first two or three whorls, con-
stituting the nucleus of the shell, are smooth and polished,
forming what has been called a papilla, before the appear-
ance of any pattern or sculpture. In V. fulgetmm and
papillaris the apex is of a very rude, uncouth growth ; in
V. ancilla it has a peculiar rudely acuminated twist ; in
/''. /estiva and rupestris it has the appearance of a small
ivory ball ; in V. scapha and imperialis the apex is very
regularly formed, but still broad and obtuse ; in V. vesper-
tilio and nivosa it is slightly nodidous ; in F. volva and
reticulata it is papillary but yet acuminated, the sutures
being filled up with enamel ; in V. liarpa and Guildingii it
is sharp, witliout any papillary structure ; and all these
modifications of the apex are accompanied with distinctive
featm-es in other parts of the shell, serving to characterize
groups, and so to divide the genus into subgenera or
sections. Except in the little V. abysslcola, the first
living representative of a group of fossil species found
abundantly in the Tertiary Beds of Great Britain, there is
no transverse sculptm'e in this genus.

Linnseus included under the head of Voluta all shells
having a row of plaits winding round the columella,
without considering the nature or habits of their animal
occupants. The Tornatell/p, whose shells are entire at the
base ; the Auricula, which, inhabiting the banks of stag-
nant water, are amphibious ; the Turbinellre, which are
canaliculated ; and the Maryinella, whose shell is entirely
enveloped by the soft parts, were all associated in the
'Systema Natura;' under the same generic type. Even
the ' Boats ' and ' Melons,' ' Les Gondolieres ' of Lamarck,
are now separated from the Volutes, on account of their
ventricose form and texture, to form a genus of them-
selves — Ci/mbium ; and some authors have gone so far as
to divide this again into Ci/mba and Melo.

The animal of Voluta difi'ers little from that of Cpn-
hium, except in being smaller, less expansile, and more
brilliantly coloured. It has the same peculiar lobed dila-
tion of the respiratory sijjhon, and the eyes, as in that
genus, are rather distant from the tentacles. The species
hitherto figured in a living state are brilliantly coloured,
but there is no similarity between the pattern or colour of
the animal and its shell. The V. vespertilio is of a bright
vellow, marked with longitudinal interrupted black Inic? ;

November, ISiii

VOLUTA.— Plate I.

the V. angulata, of a rusty orange, marked with dark
spots like a leopard ; whilst the V. uivosa is purple, marked
with unequal black spots edged with white. V. mitsica is
the only species in which an operculum has been observed.
It is small, oblong, thin, and horny, taken by Mr. Cuming
from the living animal.

The geographical distribution of the Volutes is worthy
of careful attention. Of sixty-one species at present
known, twenty-four, as already stated, inhabit the coast
of Australia. In the great eastern ocean, from Java to
Japan, only twelve are found. Seven are from different
parts of the coast of Africa, including Madagascar, six
from South America, east and west, and four inhabit the
West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico. Of the remaining
eight species the locality is not known.

It may be observed, from this statement, that the Vo-
lutes have peculiarly a southern range. Only sixteen
species are found north of the equator, whilst there are
thirty-seven in the Southern Hemisphere, two of which,
F. Magellauiea and ancilla, of large size, inhabit the coast
of Patagonia and Tierra del Puego, in the same parallel of
latitude with Scotland and Hudson's Bay in the opposite
hemisphere. Yet the Volutes do not approach the Medi-
terranean or any part of Europe ; and it is curious to
observe that the fine and beautifully coloured V. mudca is
the only species found in the West Indies, except the
little F. Guildingii. F. guttata, a small species allied to
this, inhabits the coast of Honduras ; and it is believed on
good authority that the celebrated F. Junonia, of which
only a few specimens are known, is from the Gulf of
Mexico, probably the northern shore, near the mouth of
the Appalachicola Eiver. Only two small species have
been found on the western coast of South America, F.
harpa and Cumingii ; and of the African species the pre-
cise localities are unknown, excepting the F. Belessertiana
of Madagascar, and the beautifully cancellated F. aigssi-
cola, dredged from a bank of dead shells and iron stones,
at the depth of 133 fathoms, off the Cape of Good Hope.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

\'()LUTA Cumingii. Fol. testa ova/o-pgmmicJali, crassis-
siiiia, Sjiird acuminata, apice aviihi, (nifnirlihiis siipenie
coticm-o-dc'divibus, deinde tiodnln.sis, uiiilnHs, in costis
tmiudis descendentilius, eoliinuUd Iriidicatd, lahro in-
cra.imto, intus medio subcontracto et obtuse dentato ;
albidd, caruteo spadiceoque nehdosd, liic illic interrupts
nigro-vittatd, apertura fauce aurautid.

Cuming's Volute. Shell ovately pyramidal, very thick,
spire acuminated, sharp at the apex, whorls concavely
slanting round the upper part, then nodose, nodules
descending in swollen ribs, columella three-plaited,
lip thickened, a little contracted and obtiisely toothed
in the middle ; whitish, clouded with blue and brown,
and filleted here and there in an interrupted manner
with black, interior of the aperture orange.

Brodeeip, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1832, p. 33.

Hab. Gulf of Ponseca, San Salvador, Central America
(di-edged at the depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming.

A thick solid shell, in which the columellar plaits are
transversely sculptured, and the lip faintly toothed within.
Externally the shell is characterized by a row of swollen
ribs which are noduled round the upper part. The
colom-ing is of a mixed pattern of black, blue, and brown.

Species 3. (Mus. Brit.)

VoLUT.A MAGNiFicA. Fol. testd ovato-ventricosd, tenui-
cidd, subampliter iiiflatd, spird brevinscuta, apice
papillari, aiifructihus Iambus, superne leviter con-
cavo-aiignlatis, basi sidicontractis, columella guadri-
pUcatd, aperturd patuld, labro simplici, vix incrassatd;
fulvescente,ferrugineo-castatteo nebulatd et saturatiore
latifasciatd, maculis pallidis transversis lanceolato-an-
gulatis intermittente, columelld aurantio-carneold.

The MAGNIFICENT Volute. Shell ovately ventricose,
rather thin, somewhat largely inflated, spire rather
short, papillary at the apex, whorls smooth, slightly
concavely angled round the upper part, a little con-
tracted at the base, columella four-plaited, aperture
wide open, lip simple, scarcely thickened; light
fulvous, clouded and more darkly broad-banded with
rusty chestnut, leaving transverse lanceolately angled
pale spots, columella orange-carnelion.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol.xi. p. 8. pl.174-5. f. 1693-4.

EaJj. Rose Bay, Port Jackson, AustraUa ; Stutchbrny.
Well known by Chemnitz's admirable figures, this

species remains unapproached by any other. It is of

comparatively light growth, and never tubercled.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA HARPA. Fol. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassissimd, spird
breviuscidd, apice acute acuminatd, anfractibus lavibus
vel miimte slrlatis, convexo-tumidis, longitudinaliter
late snperficialiter sulcatis, colunielld transversim tri-
plicatd, basi recurvd, aperturd angnstd, labro rude
varicoso, intus obtuse dentato; fulvescente-aurautid,
caruleo-castaneoque undique nebulatd et variegatd.

The haep Volute. Shell oblong-ovate, very thick, spire
rather short, sharply acuminated at the apex, whorls
smooth or minutely striated, longitudinally broadly
superficially grooved, columella transversely three-
plaited, recurved at the base, aperture narrow, lip
rudely varicose, obtusely toothed ; fulvous orange,
clouded and variegated throughout with blue and
chestnut.

Barnes, Annals of the Lyceum Xat. Hist, of New York,
vol.i.p. 139. pi. 9.f. 4.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (from sandy mud at the
depth of eight fathoms) ; Cuming.
A sharply ridged acuminated species, of the same type,

colour, and general aspect, as F. Cumingii.

Vfilu.^/ I'LJI.

'■^^-\

R.B.S:. R-.imp,

Y L U T A

Species 4. (Fig. a, h, d, Mus. Cuming ; Fig. c, Mus. Brit.)
VoLUTA ATTLICA. Vol. testa oblongo-ovatd, crassii, spird
breviiisculd, subexsertd, apice papillam 7nuticani sub-
amplam formante, anfractibus snbtilissimi striatic,
miperne declivibus, srepissime leviter angulatis, ad an-
gulum tuberculatis, tubercuUs compressu, pauluhtm de-
scendentibus, interdum spimso-squamatk, columelldfor-
titer qiiadriplicatd, aperturd lotu/imculd, labro simpUci;
pallide aurantio-cameold, liiieis tenuibws longitudinal i-
bus maculisqwe grandibtis coccineo-7-ufis variepictd, iutef-
diim laii/asciatd et variegatd, maculis perpaucis iiiger-
rimo-fitscis.
The courtier Volute. Shell oblong-ovate, thick, spire
rather short, somewhat exscrted, forming a rather
large smooth papilla, whorls veiy finely striated,
slanting round the upper part, most frequently slightly
angled, tubercled at the angle, tubercles compressed,
a little descending, sometimes spinosely squamate,
columella strongly fom--plaitcd, apertm-e rather long,
lip simple ; pale orange-flesh tinged, variously painted
with scarlet-red blotches and fine longitudinal Knes,
sometimes broadly banded and mottled, with a few
black-brown spots.
SoLANDER. Sowerby, TankervQle Catalogue, App. p. 29.

pi. 3.
Hab. Sooloo Archipelago ; Cuming.

This eminently beautifid species has been known for
many years by a specimen contained in the celebrated
museum of the last eentm-y belonging to the Duchess of
Portland, described in the Portland Catalogue as follows,
by Dr. Solander, a Swedish naturalist and pupU of Linnfeus,
who, upon coming to this country, accompanied Sir Joseph
Banks in his voyage round the world vnili Capt. Cook,
and was subsequently employed at the British Museum
in arranging the valuable collections of natural history
resulting from their researches. "No. -1021. Valuta aidica,
a beautiful red-clouded species of the Wild Music kind,
its country unknown, unique." A description in Latin
may also be found among the Banksian manuscripts in
the British Museum. This specimen passed from the
Portla^id ]\Iuseuin into that of M. Caloune, then into the
collections of the Earl of TaukerviUe and of Mr. Broderip,
and lastly into that of our national museum, where it
remained unique uutU the return of Mr. Cuming from his
voyage among the Philippine Islands, during which he
obtained several magnificent specimens from the Sooloo
Archipelago, mostly dilfering from the original one in
being tuberculated. Of these Mr. Broderip characterized

sLx new varieties iu the Proceedings of the Zoological
Society for 1812. The accompanying figm-es, representing
the most remarkable, were described by Mr. Broderip as
foUows : —

Fig. 4 a.

" Nodidous, whitish, lineated with very close-set delicate
pale yellowish undulated lines ; body-whorl girt by two
broad yellowish-red bands mottled finely with the gi-ound
colour. The upper band is bordered above with a row of
rich dark-brown spots approaching closely to black, each
spot being placed upon a nodide ; the lower edge of this
baud is serrated as it were, and each of the teeth is marked
with a spot immediately under the upper spots, but more
dashed and somewhat less intense. The upper edge of
the lower band is marked in a similar manner, but the
spots are less defined. Above the shoulder of the body-
whorl is a band of similar colour, with its lower edge
dashed with markings of the same coloiur as those which
ornament the other bands, and at similar intervals. Two
similarly coloured spots appear below the third and fourth
nodule of the spire just above the suture of the body-
whorl, which sutm'e almost hides one below the second of
those nodules couutiug from the edge of the lip. Upper
part of the spu-al whorls coloured after the same pattern,
and brought out by the pale ground-colour of the lower
part. Apex yellowish-red."

Duly inspired by the novelty of the specimen and its
lovely arrangement of colours, Mr. Broderip adds, " This
description will convey a very faint notion of one of the
most beautiful shells 1 ever saw."

Fig. 4 b.
" Flesh-coloured, nodidous, lineated longitudinally with
close-set, red, somewhat undidated lines, mottled here and
there with white, gii-t by two interrupted rich red bands,
spire mottled with red and white, apex coral-red."

The original specimen of the Portland Collection, now
in the British aiuseum, devoid of tubercles and painted
with large flakes of a dull brick-red colour.

" Bluntly but highly nodulous on the back, the nodules
on the lower side rather sharper. Whitish, lineated longi-
tudinally with close-set undulated livid lines, blotched with
clouds and dashes of livid red. A broad pale band girts
the body-whorl below the midtUe. Apex reddish-white."

November, 1849.

Vf/ufa , /y. HI.

\

I S-iel et litli..

YOLUTA.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA Delessertiana. Vol. testa fmlformi-oblonijd,
basi subreairvd, spird acuminata, anfradibm longitu-
dinaliter lyrato-codatis, costis numerosis, angustk, acu-
tiusculis, subjlexuosis, iiiterstUiis striatis, trausversim
obsolete pertuso-sulcatis, columella subarciwid, basi tri-
pUcatd, pliciJs numerosis temdhis fiUformibm supra ex-
sculptd, aperturd oblongo-ovatd, labro incrassato, va-
ricoso, margine acuto ; earned, aurantio-nifo profuse
tinctd, lineis castaneis et rufis tramversim notatd,
apertura fauce albd.

Delessert's Volute. Shell fusiformly oblong, slightly
recurved at the base, spii-e acuminated, apex sharp,
whorls longitudinally lyi-ately ribbed, ribs numerous,
narrow, rather sharp, somewhat flexuous, interstices
striated, transversely obsoletely marked with faint
pricked grooves, columella slightly arched, thj'ee-
plaited at the base, with numerous fine thread-like
plaits above, aperture oblong-ovate, lip thickened,
vai'icose, sharp at the edge ; flesh-coloured, profusely
stained with orange-red, transversely marked with
red and chestnut hues, interior of the aperture white.

Petit, Magasin de Zoologie, 18-12, pi. 57.

Hab. Tiger Bay, Madagascm\

Distinguished from the V. mitraformis, to which it is

the nearest allied species, by its more acuminated growth,

narrower and more numerous vilis, and bright orange-red

colour.

S^jecies (i. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA FUSiFOKMis. Vol. testd subelongato-fusiformi,
basi contractd et subampliter emarginatd, spird acumi-
nata, apice papillari, anfractibus superne declivibus,
deinde tumidiusculis, lavibus, sub lente minute decussatim
striatis, columelld tri-quadriplicatd, pUcis perobliqui-s,
inconspicuis, aperturd subangustd, labro tenuiculo,
parum reflexo ; fuscescente-albd, litieis pallide castaneis,
triangulariter configuratis, laxe reticulatis, columelld
et apertura fauce aurantio-carneold.

The spindle-shaped Volute. Shell somewhat elon-
gately fusiform, contracted and rather largely emar-
ginated at the base, spire acimiinated, papillary at
the apex, whorls slanting round the upper part,
then a little swollen, smooth, minutely decussately
striated beneath the lens, columeUa three-four-plaitcd,

plaits very oblique, inconspicuous, aperture rather
narrow, lip rather thin, but little reflected ; brownish
white, loosely reticulated with light chestnut trian-
gularly configiu'ed lines, columeUa and interior of the
aperture orange-carnelion.

SwAiNSON, Appendix to Bligh Catalogue (not of Kiener).
Voluta Sowerhyi (pars), Kiener.

Hah. Australia.

It has been remarked that this beautiful species is
scarcely distinguishable from V. papillaris, but a compa-
rison of the figm'cs of each in this monograph, wiU show
that, independent of form, they are characterized by a
very diflerent design of painting. The apex is much less
papiUary in the species under consideration, and the shell
is uniformly larger, and of a more attenuated growth.
The pattern consists merely of a loose irregidar net-work
of light chestnut, not disposed in bands of clouded
blotches, nor exhibiting any sharply-defined triangular
light spots.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLtTA .mitR-EFOEMIS. Vol. testd fmformi-ovatd, spird
suhacuminald, anfractibus longitudinaliter Igruto-cos-
tatis, costis obtusis,subplano-convexis, interstitiis striatis,
columelld basi triplicatd, plicis numerosis tenuibns fili-
formibus supra exsculptd, aperturd oblongo-ovatd, labro
incrassato, varicoso ; albidd, maculis purpureo-castaneis
fasciatim pictd, interstitiis lineis fuscis tenuibus trans-
versim notatis, aperturd albidd.
The jiitre-shaped Volute. Shell fusiformly ovate,
spire rather acuminated, whorls longitudinally lyrately
ribbed, ribs obtuse, rather flatly convex, interstices
striated, columeUa three-plaited at the base, with
numerous fine thread-Uke plaits above, aperture
oblong-ovate, lip thickened, varicose ; whitish,
painted with, blotches of pui-plish chestnut, interstices
marked transversely with fine brown lines, aperture
whitish.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. 10. p. 404.

Voluta multicosiata, Broderip.
Hab. AustraUa.

This species is less sharply acuminated than the V. De-
lessertiana, and the ribs are broader and about one-fourth
less in number. The painting is very diff'erent, both in
colour and design.

November, 1849.

Voialu I'L IV.

O-BS-IbI etlltll.

VOLUTA

Species S. (Mus. Cuming.)
VoLUTA RUTILA. Vol. testa ovald, utr'mque attemtatd, cras-
siusculd, spird brevi, apice papillam amplam, obsolete
nodiilosam, formante, anfractibus lavibus, snperne de-
clivibus, interdicm, autem raro, tubercidatk, columella
subarcuatd, qtiadriplicatd, aperturd elougato-ovatd,
labro simpUci ; carneo-albicante, sanguineo-rubro cre-
berrime confuse trigono-maculatd et nebulatd, et sub-
obscure saturate trifasciatd.
The blood-red Volute. Shell ovate, attenuated at
both ends, rather thick, spii'C short, forminp; a large
obsoletcly nodulous papiUa, whorls smooth, slanting
round the upper part, sometimes, but rarely, tuber-
cled, columella slightly arched, four-plaited, aperture
elongately ovate, lip simple ; flesh-white, very closely
confusedly triangularly blotched and clouded with
blood-red, and rather obscurely deeper-coloured in
three bands.
Broderip, Zoological Jom-nal, vol. ii. p. 3fl. pi. 3.
Hob. Xorth-east Coast of AustraKa ; Jukes.

The jjaiuting of this species does not consist of tine
hair lines and blotches of scarlet-red, as in the V. aulica,
but of a confusedly mottled mass of deep blood-red co-
louring, forming numerous obscure triangular open patches,
and three indistinct bands.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA inxexa. Vol. testd oblongo-ovatd, sjjird brevins-
culd, apice papillam subamplam nodulosam formante,
anfractibus Icevibus, superne declivibus, leviter angulatis,
ad aiigulum nodoso-tvberculatis, columella fortiter qua-
driplicatd ; carneo-albd, Kneis temdbus cocaineo-fusces-
centibus undique longitudinaliter subtilissime intiexd,
fa-sciis angustis tribus saturatioribus.

The knitted Volute. Shell oblong-ovate, spii-e rather
short, forming a rather large nodulous papilla at the
apex, whorls smooth, slanting round the upper part
and slightly angled, nodosely tubercled at the angle,
columella strongly fom--plaited ; flesh-white, longitu-
dinally very finely knitted throughout with fine scarlet-
brown lines, with three narrow darker bauds.

Hab. ?

An imdescribed species, of which the locality is unknown.
The entire siu'face is covered with a remarkable fine scarlet-
brown net-work, very closely an-anged transversely, so
that the triangular spots of white, which appear here and
there, are more longitudinal than usual, whilst the three
bands which are somewhat indistinctly formed by a darker
deposit of the colour, are imusuaUy narrow. The specimen
having lost a portion of the hp, it is so represented in the
accompanying figure.

Species 10. (Mus. Brit.)

Voluta papillaris. Vol. testa ■mbfusiformi-omdd, crassd,
basi truncatd, apice valde papillari, anfractibus leevi-
bus, superne declivibus, deinde tumidiusculis, columella
rude tri- quinqueplicatd, callosd, aperturd subangustd,
labro incrassato ; fulvesceute-albd, fulvo-castaneo re-
liculatd et latifasciatd.

The papillary Volute. Shell somewhat fusiformly
ovate, thick, truncated at the base, very papillary at
the apex, whorls smooth, slanting round the upper
part, then rather swollen, columella rudely three-
to five-plaited, callous, aperture rather narrow, lip
thickened; fulvous white, reticulated and broadly
banded with fidvous chestnut.

SwAiNSON, Appendix to Bligh Catalogue.
Voluta Sotcerbyi (pars), Kiener.

Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia.

]\L-. Swainson named this species papillosa with the
view of ilrawing attention to the remarkaljle papillary
structure of the apex, but as that word signifies "full of
papillae," it is better rendered papillaris. Taking it to
refer to the painting, and confounding the species with
V. fusifonuis, M. Kiener has changed the name to do
honour to Mr. Sowerby, " because the spots have so rarely
the appearance of papdlaj." Mr. Sowerby acknowledges
the compliment, in language severe but not the less tme,
by calliug it an absurdity. To add to this category of
errors, M. Kiener gives the name V.fusifonnis to ilr. ISro-
derip's V. Beckii.

November, IS-ti

niiiiii . ri y

f %v-

VOLUTA.

Species 11. (Fig. a, b, c, d, Mus. Cuming.)
VoLUT.v VESPERTiLlo. Vol. testa, omto-oblongd, cramus-
culd, spird brevi, apice subobtiisd, nodnlosd, anfractibus
l/gvibus, mipenie concavo-decUviius, squamato-tubercu-
latis, tuberculis interdum fortibus, prom'uientihts, in-
terdum, autem raro, fere obsoletis, coltmielld quadri-
plicatd, plicis validihus, apertttrd lougiusculd, labro
medio subcontracto ; albidd, aut carneolatd aut fid-
vesceiite tuictd, nigricante-oUvaceo, vel castaneo, vel
cQCceo variP reticulata, aperturx fame carmolo-albd.

The bat VoLnxE. Shell ovately oblong, rather thick,
spire short, rather obtuse and nodulous at the apex,
whorls smooth, concavely slanting, squamately tuber-
cled, tubercles sometimes strong and prominent,
sometimes, but rarely, partially obsolete, columella
tour-plaited, plaits strong, aperture rather long, lip
slightly contracted in the middle ; whitish, or flesh-
tiuged, or fulvous, variously reticulated with blackish
olive or chestnut or scarlet, interior of the aperture
carneliou-white.

LiNN-EUS, Syst.Nat. (l2th edit.) p. 1494.

Varictates.

VoMa pellii'Serpentis, Lamarck.

foLnta serpentina, Lamarck.
Valuta Mills, Lamarck.
Hab. Philippine Islands, Moluccas, kc.

Four Lamarckian species are now comprehended in this,
distinguished merely by slight modifications of growth
and variety of painting. The shell Fig. 11a represents
the tj'pe of the species, F. vespertilio trae. The growth
is short and broad ; and the tubercles, very strongly
developed, are thrown up into hooked scales and laterally
compressed. Fig. 11 5 is the F. serpentina of Lamarck,
of more oblong gi'owth, less strongly tubercled, and
marked \vith thin tortuous lines of painting, sometimes
dark olive-brown, sometimes bright scarlet as in the spe-
cimen figured. Fig. 11 c is a characteristic figure of
V. mitis, in which the shell obtains an oblong-cyUndrical
form with the tubercles partially obsolete ; and Fig. II d
is a representation of the V. pelUs-serpeiUis in fine state.
The colour is more elaborately reticulated, and has little
indication of the triangular and tortuous lines which dis-
tinguish the other varieties.

Varieties may, however, be cited ad infinitum ; Mi: Cum-
ing has separated upwards of thirty in liis cabinet.

November, 1849.

Voluix^ Fin

VOLUTA.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)
V^OLUTA INTERPUNCTA. Vol. testd ovatd, cra-isd, spird
brevi, apice erecto, papillari, atifractibus duoius primk
papillamfomiantihics, tertio guarioque superne plicato-
nodulom, plieis yradatim evanidis, 'Jinterstitiis tratis-
vermi striatis, anfractibus cateris lavibns, mperm
tumidiuacuUs, interdum, autem raro, obsolete tubercu-
laiis, columella sex- ad octo-plicatd, plieis superioribus
parvis, quasi partitis, apertnrd longiuscidd, labro inlus
stibiticrassato, spiram versus decurrenle ; carneo-albi-
cante, pimctis lineaiibns castaneis imdiqne seriatim
cingulatd, strigis pnrpureo-bnmneis itderdum longitu-
dinaliter pictd, basi subanrantid.
The dotted Volute. SheU ovate, thick, spire short, apex
erect, papillary, first two whorls forming the papilla,
thu-d and fourth whorl plicately noduled, the folds
gradually vanishing, interstices transversely striated,
rest of the whorls smooth, rather swollen round the
upper part, sometimes, but rarely, obsoletely tuber-
cled, columella six- to eight-plaited, upper plaits
small, as if divided, aperture rather long, lip some-
what thickened within, running up a little towards
the spire; flesh-white, encu'cled throughout with
linear- chestnut dots, sometimes longitudinally painted
with purple-brown streaks, base tinged with orange.
Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. iv. pi. 127.
Voliita Indica, Sowerby.
Vohita Lapponica, Linnaeus, Lamarck.
Streaked variety. Valuta undata, Martyn.
Eab. Ceylon.

I qmte agree with IMr. Sowerby in the propriety of
abandoning the name Lapponica given to this species,
indicating a country and climate in which such a mollusk
could not by any possibility exist. Instead of inhabiting
the arctic shores of Lapland, it is a native of the seas of
tropical India. The error did not, however, originate
with Linnaeus. The species was known before his time
to Dutch naturalists, as the ' Lappliooru ' or ' Lapp/iorei/,'
signifying the Flap-Ear or Dog's Ear Shell. This seems
to have been then corrupted into ' Ailee Lapo/zne,' ' ^Mata
Lapponica,' Voluta Lapponica, and Meuschen and Rum-
phius compounded the name, ' Lapland-sclie Lapplworn.' It
only remains a matter of wonder, that, whilst Seba descrilied
the species as an exotic sheU from India, the error should
have remained so long unexplained.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Voluta fulgetrum. Vol. testd subfu-vfonni-oblongd,
tenuiculd, spird exsertd, apice papillari, anfractibus
duobiis vel tribus papillam amplam/urmardibus, cateris
minutissime striatis, ultimo labrum versus subangulato,
columella triplicatd ; hded vel rufescetde-aurantid,
strigis grandibus castaneis conspicui fulguratd, inter-
dum eximie reticulata et sparsim maculatd.

The lightning-flash Volute. Shell somewhat fusi-
formly oblong, rather thin, spire exserted, papillary at
the apex, the first two or three whorls forming a
large papilla, the rest very minutely striated, last
whorl slightly angled towards the lip, columella
three-plaited ; yellow or reddish-orange, conspicu-
ously Lightning-marked with large chestnut streaks,
sometimes delicately reticulated and here ami there
spotted.

Broderip, Zoological Journal, vol. ii. p. 35. Sowerby,
Tankerville Catalogue, pi. 1 and 5.

Hab. South Australia.

This fine species was first described by Mi-. Broderip
fi-om a specimen of rather large size in the celebrated
Tankerville collection, now in the British Museum. Since
tliat period, several specimens of smaller dimensions, but
more i-ichly marked, have been received from South
Australia. The painting is somewhat variable, being
sometimes represented by a fine net-work of dehcate
coloui'ing with only a few spots. The spire commences in
a large, rudely convoluted papQla, which is in no degree
concealed as the shell advances in growth. Another
pecidiarity of the species is, that the animal distributes a
copious deposit of enamel over the body-whorl, not
tliickened and callous, but of a thin semi-transparent
substance, and of a mUky aspect, by which the painting
is only partially obscured.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Voluta rupestris. Vol. testd fusifunni, basi contractu,
apice papillari, anfractibus duobus primis papillam
eburneam formantibus, tertio quartoque transversim
impresso-striatis, longitudinaliter subplicato-costatis,
penultimo et idtimo subangjtlatis, costis fere evanidis,
obsolete nodosis, striis in sulcis sublilibus mutatii,
prcesertim versus basin, columelld octo-pUcald, pticlx

November, 1819.

VOLIJTA.— Plate VI.

irreffulariius ; carneo-alhicante, sIrigU midatis castaneu-
rufis undique fulguratd.

The blasted Volute. Shell fusiform, contracted at the
base, papillary at the apex, the first two whorls
forming an ivory-like papilla, the third and foui-th
transversely impressly striated, longitudinally pli-
cately ribbed, penultimate and last whorl slightly
angled, with the ribs almost fading, obsoletely no-
duled, strise turned into fine grooves, especially
towards the base, columella eight-plaited, plaits irre-
gular; warm flesh-white, marked throughout with
waved chestnut-red streaks.

Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3'164.

Valuta fidminata, Lamarck.
Fulgoraria Cliinemis, Schumacher.
Hab. China.

The /^ rupestm varies considerably in size, but little in
character. Its papillary apex has a pecidiar rounded
polished ivory appearance. The sciUpture of the shell
commences with regidar longitudinal compressed ribs of
rather a superficial character, and transverse impressed
strife ; the ribs become gradually noduled, ft-equently
obsolete, and the stris enlai-ge into the form of spiral
linear grooves.

Tolufyi.. Fi.m.

%f

<;,^

GrB S iel etith-

V L U T A

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLliTA NoEKlsii. Vol. testa, subquadrnto-ovatd, ven-
tricosd, spira brevi, apice obtusd et noduhsd, anfrac-
tibm l/svibus, superne concavo-angulatis, ad angulum
spinoso-squmnatis, colmnelld mbarcuatd, quadripllcatd ;
Jlavidd et virescente, lineis brevibns nigrirdiilihiix hi
maculis olivaceo-viridibus medio hifmriuli! < / Kupn-ih^
tincid, areis inter fasdis olivaceo-viridi iir/i/i/n/i.s, iiia-
cnlis lineisque niveis irregularibus sparsim fluccutis,
columella aurantio-carneold, aperlurce fauce fimce&cente-
cinered.
NoRRis's Volute. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, ven-
tricose, spire short, rather obtuse aud uoduled at the
a])ex, whorls smooth, concavely angled round the
upper part, spinosely squamate at the angle, colu-
mella slightly arched, four-plaited ; yellowish and
greenish, two-banded round the midtUe aud stained
at the upper part with short blackish Mues in olive-
green blotches, ai-eas between the bands sparingly
flaked with ireegular snowy spots and lines, colu-
mella orange-carnelion, interior of the aperture brown-
ash.
SowEum , Pro. Zool. Soc, 1844, p. 150 ; Thesaurus Conch.

p. 201.pl. 51.f. 65.
Hab. Dupuch's Island, Australia ; Pring.

This species, which is not uncommon, difi'crs constantly
from V. nivosa, in being of a shorter and broader growth,
coronated with sharp spinose scales. It is also charac-
terized by a more confused style of painting, of a peculiar
sea-green tint of colom-ing. The open white flakes of
F. iiivosa are here represented by small broken opake
white lines. The shell is very similar in other respects,
but in all the specimens I have seen, the peculiarities above
noted are well marked, and apparently of specific ira-
])ortance.

Species 16. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Norris.)

VoLUTA PIPERATA. Vol. lestd oblongo-ovatd, erassd, npird
hreviiixcidd, apice mbobiolete nodulosd, anfradibit-%
lueoihvs, .iitperne concavo-declivibus, ad angulum ohnulcfp
tnhi'i-nil litis, cohimelld qvadriplicntd ; pallidi canim-

]'"■

P'l"

i.iiiiiiti-s iii'i-diitio-fuscis nndiqiie
Mriyi.s iiiiiliilatis olivaceo-nigri-

sKbdi-sfuiitiii's, /viigi/ndin(iHte/- fulgurafn.

fasciis tribus virescente-allm partim obscuratd, colu-
mella, bad, et aperttiroe fauce vivide auraidio-cariieoli^.
The peppered Volute. Shell oblong-ovate, thick, spire
rather short, somewhat obsoletely noduled at the apex,
whorls smooth, concavely slanting round the upper
part, obsoletely tubercled at the angle, columella
four-plaited ; light fleshy-ash, very closely peppered
thi-oughout with minute orange-brown dots, longitu-
dinally lightning-marked with rather distant olive-
black waved streaks, the colour being partially ob-
scured with thi-ee bands of greenish-white, columella,
base, and interior of the aperture bright orange-car-
neliou.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844, p. 150 ; Thesaurus Couch.

p. 199.pl. 51. f. 62.
Eab. — ?

The painting of this beautiful species in all its detail, is
of too minute a character to be rendered in a figure.
The entire surface of the shell is peppered, so to speak,
with small orange-brown dots, and over this are a number
of rather distant jagged olive-black streaks running in
zigzag style from the sutures to the base. This being
the design of the painting throughout, about one-half
of it is partially obscured at intervals by three bands of
greenish-white film, the pattern being seen thi-ough it.

The species is at present unique in the collection of
Thomas Norris, Esq., to whom I am indebted for this
opportuuity of figuriug it of the natural size.

Species 17. (Mus. Curaiug.)

VoLUTA NIVOSA. Vol. testd ovalo-obloiigd, spird brevius-
culd, apice siibobtusd et nodulosd, avfractibus Itevibus
iupenw declivibus, subangidatis, ad angulum plus minus
obscure compresse inberculatis, iiiferue subcontracfis,
columelld quadriplicatd ; ccerulescente-plumbed, tuber-
culis et nodulis paUidis, Hnri.s nigris iirpgularihuH
confertis e sutuns ad „,t,ji,lii„i d.'sniidnililmn, injm
lineis nigris irregnlarihus intrrnijiUs nitidis bifasciafd,
areis inter fasciis maculis niouis sparsim Jloccatis,
columelld basique aurantio-carueolis, apertures fancc
sordide fuscescente-cmered.

The snowy Volute. Shell ovately oblong, spire rather
short, somewhat obtuse ami noduled at the apex,
whorls smooth, slanting round the upper jjart, slightly

November, 1849.

VOLUTA.— Plate VII.

angled, more or less obscurely compressly tubercled
at the angle, a little contracted towards the lower
part, columella four-plaited; bluish lead-colour, tu-
bercles and nodules paler, with irregular close-set
black lines descending from the sutures to the angle,
beneath neatly banded with irregular interrupted
black lines, areas between the bands sparingly
flaked with snowy spots, base and columella orange-
carnelion, interior of the aperture duU brown-ash.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. 10. p. 889.

Hab. Swan River, Coast of Australia.

This species is frequently seen of a discoloured yel-
lowish hue, instead of the rich lead-blue tint here re-
presented, which is its true character. The tubercles
are never absent; they are of an obtuse compressed
growth, and not developed into spinose scales as in the
V. Norrisii and corona.

It inhabits the shores of Garden Island, mouth of the
Swan River, in great abundance.

VoIm/^/ .ri rill

V L 11 T A .

Species 18. (Fig. «, b, v, d, Mus. Cuming, and
PI. IX. Fig. 18 e, Mus. Hudson.)

V()T,UT.\ MUsiCA. Vol. testa ovatd, crassd, iasipeculiariter
recurvd, spird nunc breviusculd, nunc exsertd, apice
suboblusd ; anfradibus Ixvigatis, aupeme angidato-
decUvibus,fortiter tuberculatis, iuberculis in cost is plus
minus obsoletis descendentibns ; albidd aut fulvescente-
carned, md castaneo, aut caruleo, md roseo, vet
aiirantio tinctd et nebtdatd, lineis fuscis conspicui tri-
fasciatd, interstitiis lineis subundatis, e mturii descen-
deutibus, longitudinaliter notatis, areis inter fasciis cre-
hemriie fusco-punctatis, maculis nigris subirregulariter
marginatis, aperturd carneo-aurantid, labro nigro-ma-
culato.

The music; Volute. SheU ovate, thick, peculiarly re-
curved at the base, spire sometimes rather short,
sometimes exserted, rather obtuse at the apex ; whorls
smooth, angidarly slanting round the upper part,
strongly tubercled, tubercles descending in more or
less obsolete ribs ; whitish or fulvous-flesh tint,
stained and clouded with chestnut, or rose, or blue,
or orange, conspicuously encii'cled with three bands
of brown lines, marked longitudinally in the inter-
stices with slightly waved lines descending from the
sutures, areas between the bands very closely dotted
with brown, and somewhat irregularly edged with
black blotches, aperture flesh-orange, hp spotted with
black.

LiNX.«us, Syst. Nat. (13th. edit.) p. 119-t.

Varietates.

Valuta cJdorosina, Lamarck.
Volida thiarella, Lamarck.
Volida carneolata, Lamarck.
Valuta lavigata, Lamarck.
Volida sidcata, Lamarck.
Valuta noduhsa, Lamarck.

Valuta Guvmicu, Lamarck.
Valuta Chiineeiim, Chemnitz.
Valuta plicata, Dillwyn.
ffab. West Indies.

This very beautiful and well-known shell appears to
have discoursed most eloquent music to the mind of
Lamarck ; for under it he has comprehended eight species,
indicating so many varieties of one and the same. The
richly-colom-ed specimen of broad and solid growth and
prominent tubercles. Fig. 18 5, c, may be regarded as the
type of the species. V. chlarasina, on the authority of
M. Kiener, is the same in bad condition. V. tluarelln,
characterized by its elongated growth and pale coloming,
is the variety Fig. \%d. V. Guinaica, distingiushed by its
rich violet and brown-clouded colouring, is represented by
the variety Fig. 18 a. V. carneolata, knowij to collectors
by its delicate pink colouring and smaller size, is figured at
PI. IX. Fig. 18 e. V. sulcata is a light fawn variety,
approaching in size and appearance to the last, in which
the ribs depending from the tubercles, more or less obsolete
in aU the varieties, are rather more prominent in this,
whOst the shell is not uirfrequently granulated. V. lavi-
gata is founded upon a state of the species the reverse of
the preceding, liaving little indication of ribs or tubercles;
and V. uodulosa, according to M. Kiener, is a variety in bad
condition, probably graniUated.

It is almost needless to particularize varieties, excepting
tridy to show of what these Lamarckian species are con-
stituted, and of which the intermediate states may be seen
in the Cumingian and other collections. The same design
of painting, consisting of two broad bands of blotched lines,
with intermediate areas of dots, pervades the whole ; and
the tubercles are only the more prominently developed as
the shell is less narrowly elongated iu growth, arising out
of a more contracted i)laii of convolution.

November, IS-t'.i

VoUUitPl.II.

VOLUTA,

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)
VoLUTA viEEscENs. P'ol. testd comco-ovatd, cramusculd,
spird brevi, apice siibacuid, atifractibus transveisim
crebre linemi-stdcatis, mperne concavo-angulatis, ad
angulum acute tiibercidatis, tuberadis in cosiis gradatim
evanidk descendenlibus, columella multiplicatd, plicis
irregulanbus, aperturd angustd, labro subreflexo ; vi-
resee)de, dense nigro-punctatd, zonis numerosis aqid-
dhtantibus angustls immaculaiis, nisi punctis per-
paitcis nigris majoribus, labro nigro-maetdato.
The greenish Volute. Shell conically ovate, rather
thick, spu-e short, rather sharp at the apes, whorls
transversely closely linearly grooved, concavely angled
round the upper part, shai-ply tubercled at the angle,
tubercles descending into gradually vanishing ribs,
columella many-plaited, plaits irregular, aperture
narrow, lip sbghtly reflected ; greenish, thickly black-
dotted, with numerous equidistant narrow zones
unspotted except by a few black dots of larger size,
lip black-spotted.
SoLANDER, Dillwyu, Catalogue of Shells, vol. i. p. 5(52.
Blurex musicalis mridis. Martini.
Valuta polyzotialis, Lamarck.
Voltdafidm, Lamarck.
Volutapusio, Swaiuson.
Hab. West Africa.

Dr. Solander's manuscript name for this species was
published iu DiUwyn's ' Catalogue of Shells ' diu-ing the
progi'css of Lamarck's ' Auimaux sans Vertebres ' two or
three years before the appearance of genus Valuta, and
therefore has priority. Mr. Swainson's Valida piisio,
which may be seen in the British Museum, is merely a
worn, discoloured specimen of V. virescens, so far as it is
possible to judge by its similarity of form and the faint
traces of marking that remain. Mr. Sowerby has pub-
lished a figure of it in his 'Thesaurus Conchyliorum,'
but the colouring is rather exaggerated. The specimen is
in a condition in which no shell ought to be described,
unless presenting some new typical peculiarity of form.

Species 30. (Fig. a, Mus. Gubba ; Fig. b,
Mus. Cuming.)
VoLUTA HEBRiEA. Vol. testd ovatd vel oblonga-ovatd,
crassd, panderosd, spird iiderdum brevi, interdimi
exsertd, apice subpapillai-i, atifractibus leevibus aut
transversim obscure liratis, superne gibboso-angulatis,
plenmique fortiter fuberculatis, colmnelld fortiier quin-
queplicatd, siiperue plicis parvis numerosis aut obsaletis ;
prdlide fitscescente-carned, Uneis irregularibus veni-
foriidbiis transversis et e suturis descettdeutibus, macu-
lisqiie IderoglijpMcis, intend nigro-castaneis, varie
fasciatim pictd, interdum, autem raro, aurantio-rufo
bifasciatd, labra nigra-maculato.
The Hebrew Volute. Shell ovate or oblong-ovate,
thick, ponderous, spire sometimes short, sometimes
exserted, apex somewhat papUlary, whorls smooth or
transversely obscm-ely ridged, gibbously angled round
the upper part, generally strongly tubercled, colu-
mella strongly five-plaited with small plaits above,
either numerous or obsolete ; light brownish flesh-
colour, variously painted in a banded style with ir-
regidar vein-like Unes, transverse, also descending
from the sutures, and hieroglypb'c blotches, of very
dark chestnut, sometimes but rarely encircled by two
bands of orange-red, lip spotted with black.
LiNN-EUS, Syst. Nat. (13th. edit.) p. 1194.
Buccimmi caronatum, Martyn.
Pale red variety. Valuta tnrbinata, Kiener.
Ilab. AVest Africa.

This fine species varies considerably, with the spire
sometimes short, sometimes exserted, in which latter case
the tubercles are so much the less prominently developed.
It is the ' False Music Shell ' of the old conchologists ; the
Buccimmi musicum spurimn of Seba, Murex musicalis spii-
riiis of Martini, TJiema musicum Hebraicimi of Klein, and
the IFilde Musgl--]toarn of the Dutch. None of the varieties
have the bands of Hues or dots of the true V. musica.

Fig. 10 e. (Mus. Hudson.)
The red variety of V. mitsica, referred to in the pre-
ceding plate as being Lamarck's Valuta canteahta.

November, 1849.

VoliU^v.n.T.

G-.B.S.deletTitli.

. &. U imji

VOLUTA.

Plate X.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA Sophia. Vol. tesid mhquadrato-ovatd, hasiii
versus contractu, spird brevi, apice obtusd et nodulosd,
anfractibus lavibus, snperne concavo-angulatis, ad an-
gidum acute spinoso-squainatis, columelld quadriplkatd,
aperturd subdilatatd ; fulvescente-albd, maculis per-
paucis parvis castaneo-rujis seriatim tinctd.

The Sophia Volute. Shell somewhat squarely ovate,
contracted towards the base, spii-e short, obtuse and
noduled at the apex, whorls smooth, concavely
angled round the upper part, sharply squamately
spined at the angle, columella four-plaited, aperture
somewhat dilated ; light fulvous white, stained witli
rows of chc^tnut-red spots.

Gray, Narrative of the Voyage of the Fly ?

Hab. North Coast of Austraha ; Jukes.

Closely allied in form to V. Norrisii, it diflers in being

eucu-cled with four rows of distant chestnut-red spots, of

which there is no trace in that species.

Species 22. (Mus. Crotch.)

VoLUTA E.XOPTANDA. Vol. testd ci/Undraceo-obloiigd, siib-
Olivaformi, spird brevi, conicd, apice papillari, anfrac-
tibus lavibus, superne declivibus, deinde twmidiusculis et
gradatim attenuatis, columelld fortiter ([uadriplicatd ,
aperturd subangustd, labro parmn incrassaio ; pa Hide
roseo-aurantid, indistincte bifasciatd, lineis subtUibns
acute tmdulatis castaneo-rufis undiq;ue dense promiscue
pictd, columelld et apertura fauee vivide aurantio-car-
neolu.

The much-desired Volute. Shell cylindrically oblong,
somewhat Olive-shaped, spire short, conical, obtusely
papillary at the ape.x, whorls smooth, slanting round
the upper part, then rather swollen, and gi-adually
attenuated, coluinella strongly fom'-plaited, aperture
rather narrow, lip but Uttle thickened ; pale rose-
orange, faintly two-banded, densely promiscuously
painted throughout with sharply waved fine chestnut
red lines, columella and interior of the aperture rich
orange-carnelion.

SOWERBY, MS.

Hah. Port Lincoln, South Austrabo.

This very beautifid new Volute, from the collection of
the Rev. W. E. Crotch, remarkably distinct fi-om any
species hitherto known, may be regarded as the type of a
new section of the genus, partaking of the Cone and Olive
foi-m. It is of a delicate orange-roseate hue, crowded
throughout with fine sharply zigzag chestnut-red mai'ks,
exhibiting two faint bands. The body-whorl is covered
with an extremely thin deposit of enamel of a milky hue,
by which the painting is only very sKghtly obscured,
whOst the columella and interior of the aperture are of a
rich orange-red carneUon. Near the lip the painting sud-
denly assumes a more exact style of patteni, disposed in
triangular reticulations of a darker blueish tint, as if the
pencil, so to speak, of the animal had been labouring up
to this time in a distm-bed condition. It is the only spe-
cimen that has been yet seen.

Species 23. (Mus. Crotch.)
VoLUTA Ferussaci. Vol. testd ovatd, ventricosd, basi
suhtruncald, spird brevi, suturis riidibus, apice papil-
lari, anfractibus lavibtcs, vel liris incrementi rugatis,
snperne rotunda tis, columelld subdepressd, quadriplicatd,
plied anticd validd, posticd subobsoletd, aperturd pa-
tuld ; sordide spadiceo-fiiscesceute.
Ferussac's Volute. Shell ovate, rather ventricose,
somewhat truncated at the base, spii-e short, sutures
rude, apex papillary, whorls smooth, or roughened
with ridges of growth, rounded at the upper part,
columella rather depressed, four-plaited, front plait
strong, hind plait nearly obsolete, apertm-e wide open ;
dull bay brown.
Donovan, Naturabst's Eepository, vol. ii. pi. 07.
Valuta rndk, Gray.

Hab. ?

An extremely rare species, described and figured some
five and twenty years since by IMr. Donovan, from a
polished specimen, which he states to have been treasm-ed
for a long whUe previous in a private cabinet. It was
supposed to have been received from the Strait of Magal-
haens. The specimen here figured is from the collection
of the Rev. W. R. Crotch, and there are two or thi-ee in the
British Mnseum, of which the locality is equally unknown.

November, 1849.

^

Vol, I hi tl xt.

y f>-*^

V L U T A

Plate XI.

Species i-i. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA voLVA. Vol. tcstd clongato-ovata, utrinque al-
teimatd, spird aeuminatd, papillari, apice mhacutd, au-
fractibits lavibus, nilentiiics, convexis, supenie declivibus,
columella oblique quailripUcatd, apertiird subangicstd,
labro vix incrassato ; livido-fiilvescente-albd, fusces-
cente obscure bifasciatu, liiieis sicbtilibtts undulatk
indistincte longitudinaUter notatd, spira suturis cas-
taneo-fusco partim thictis et punctatis.

The shuttle Volute. Shell elongately ovate, atten-
uated at each end, spii'e acuminated, papillary,
rather sharp at the apex, whorls smooth, shining,
convex, slanting round the upper part, columella
obliquely four-plaited, aperture rather narrow, lip
but slightly thickened ; livid fulvous white, encircled
with two obscm-e light-brown bands, and indistinctly
longitudinally marked with fine waved lines, sutures
of the spire partially stained and dotted with chestnut-
brown.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. s. p. 113. pi. 1-iS, f. 1389-90.
Voluta pallida. Gray.

Hab. Mouth of the Swan River, Australia.

I cannot doubt of this being the Voluta volm, con-
founded by Lamarck with the Voluta Jlavicans under the
name V. volvacea. The V. Tnnieri of Mi-. Gray, repre-
sented by IVIi-. Sowerby as a variety of this species, is
certainly distinct, and the shell figured by Mr. Sowerby
(Thes. Couch, pi. 53. fig. 94) as another variety, is the type
of my V. reticulata. The very delicate waved lines of
colour wliich characterize the V. volm ai-e more frequently
absent or obliterated than present, and ai-e rarely moi-e
(Ustinctly mai-ked than in the accompanying figiu-e.

Species 25. (Mus. Dennison.)
Voluta eeticulata. Vol. testa eloiigato-ovatd, spird
suhacuminatd, papillari, apice aciitiusculd, a/ifractibus
lesvlbus, convexis, superne declivibus, columella quadri-
plicatd; fulvescente-albd, fulvo-castaneo ad suturas
tinctd et saturate strigatd, el undique suhtiUter trigono-
reticulatd, reticuld ad basin el in fasciis duabus sa-
turate confusd, colmnelld et aperturee fauce fulvo-cas-
taneis.
The reticulated Volute. SheD elongately ovate, spire
somewhat acuminated, papillary, rather sharp at the
apex, whorls smooth, convex, slanting round the
upper part, columella four-plaited; fulvous white,

staiued and darkly streaked at the sutures, and finely
triangularly retieidated throughout with fulvous
chestnut, the net-work being darker and confused at
the base and in two bands, colimiella and interior of
the apertm-e fulvous chestnut.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 144.
Hab. North of Swan River Settlement, Australia; Dring.
This fine shell, from the collection of Mr. Dennison, is
the true type of the species under consideration, described
by me on its an-ival in the Beagle in 1843. Another
specimen, equal in size and not much inferior in colour, is
in the collection of Mi-. Norris, and a third, of smaller size
but richly coloured, in the Cumingian collection, figured
inadvertently by Mr. Sowerby as a variety of the preceding
species. Besides these, there are three specimens of a very
distinct variety, if not specifically distinct, in the collections
of Sir. Metcalfe, Mr. Gubba, and the British Museum, in
which the shell is more ventricose and the net-work of
rather a difl'erent character, figured by Mj-. Sowerby (Thes.
Conch, pi. 49. f. 47, 48) as V. reticulata true. The dark
marks along the sutui-es are also somewhat different. The
specimens are very much worn, but they present a pecu-
liarity of character which may prove to be of some specific
importance.

Sjiecies 26. (ilus. Cuming.)

Voluta undulata. Vol. testa elongato-ovatd, crassd,
basi subcontortd, spird breviusculd, S7ibacuminaid, an-
fractiius leevibiis, superne declivibus, deinde tumidius-
culis, colmnelld quadriplicatd ; ferrugineo-albidd vel
eburned, lineis casta)ieis Jlexuosis conspicue longitn-
dinaliter pictd, colmnelld et aperturrr fauce vivide riifo-
auranliis.

The waved Volute. Shell elongately ovate, thick,
slightly twisted at the base, spii-e rather short, some-
what acuminated, whorls smooth, slanting round the
upper part, then a little swollen, columella four-
plaited ; rusty or ivory white, conspicuously longitu-
dinally painted with flexuous chestnut lines, columella
and interior of the aperture bright red-orauge.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x.
p. 401.

Ilab. Tasmania, and Gipp's Land, South Australia.

This well-known species varies from a polished-i\ory

white to a rusty red-brown, but is always chai-acterized bv

the same design of longitudinal waved lines.

November, 1849.

\

Valuta. PI. in.

■l^jggy:

I

■JL ■

/ W'

W'

V L U T A

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)
Voi.UTA TriiXF.ia. / (-/. h^ht „l,lo,nin-nn,tn, hasi siihin

,n^n,,M>,s !a

,Min7j„s, f/rnn/f lii,„i,r,„

at/is, columdlii quadripUcatd ; alba, lineis obliijuk
mhjlexuosis castanets eonspicue pictd, mactiUs satura-
tiorlbus ad sidiiras, niaci(lis paUidioribus majuribits bi-
fdsciatd.
Turner's Volute. Shell ohlong-ovate, somewhat trun-
cated, spire rather short, a]ics papillary and slightly
acuminated, whorls smooth, slanting round the upper
part, then rather swollen, columella four-plaited;
white, conspicuously j)ainted with slightly flexuous
oblique chestnut lines, with darker spots at the
sutures, and encircled by two bands of faint spots of
larger size.
Gr.\y, Griffith's Cuvier's Aiiimal Kingdom, Moll. PI. 40.

f.l.
Hah. South Australia.

The oblique strong linear painting which characterizes
this species must not be confounded with the faint longitu-
dinal waved lines which are sometimes present in the
V. volva (V. pallida, Gray, of which Mr. Sowerby considers
this a variety). The bands are formed of two rows of
faint under-colour in blotches, not of riband-like painting,
and the shell is uniformly of smaller size.

Species 38. (Fig. a. Mus. Crotch ; Fig. /;,cMus. Dennison.)

V^OLUTA FESTIVA. Fol. testd ovato-fiisifonrii, temticidd,
rrtate crassiore, spird exsertd, pyramidali, apice rude
globoso-papillari, anfractibm IcEvibus, basi striatis, su-
perne angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis tumi-
diuscttlis, equidistantibus, juxta suturas obsolete, ad
angulum compresse tiiberculatis, columella prope basin
rude tripUcatd, quarum plied mediand tnajore, plicis
nmnerosis temiibns fUformibns, partim obsolelis, supra,
apertard oblongd, labro subincrassato ; carneo-albicante,
cocci)ieo-ri(fo vivide latifaseiatd, faseiis hie illic inter-
rtiptis, atate gradatim evanidis, areis inter faseiis lineis
brevibus guttisque fuscis irregulariter notatis, columella
aurantid, basi et parte superiori in adidtd intense cas-
taneo-nigris, aperturce fauce aurantio tinctd.

The handsome Volute. Shell ovately fusiform, rather
thin, increasing thicker with age, spire exserted,

November.

pyramidal, rudely globoscly papillary at the apc\,
whorls smooth, striated at the base, angled round the
upper part, longitudinally ribbed, riiis rather swollen,
equidistant, obsolete next the sutures, conqiressly
tubercled on the angle, columella rudely three-plaited
near the base, of which the middle plait is the
largest, with numerous fine tkread-likc plaits above,
which arc partially obsolete, aperture oblong, lip
rather thickened ; flesh-white, broadly banded with
bright searlct-red, bands here and there interrujjted,
gradually vanishing with age, areas between the
bands irregularly marked with short brown lines and
blotches, columella orange, base and upper part
stained in the adult with deep chestnut-black, in-
terior of the aperture tinged with orange.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 404.

Ilab. Africa (East Coast ?)

This beautiful species has only been known hitherto by
a worn imperfect specimen in the Museum of the Jardin
des riantes, Paris. Lamarck, noting its specific peculiarities,
undertook to describe it, about the year 1830, as new,
observing that it " approaches V. Magellanica, but is very
distinct and more ornamented." It will be seen from this
observation, that Lamarck had little notion of the noble
growth and bright scarlet colouring of the species, now
exliibited in these magnificent specimens from the col-
lections of the Rev. W. R. Crotch and Mr. Dennison ; by
which it is illustrated in its perfection and in different
stages of gi-owth. It will be observed totally to difi'er
from V. Magellanica, and cannot be admitted into the
same section of the genus. Its true place is with the
V. musica and Hebrfea. Mr. Dennison's richly painted
specimen, of which the brightness of the colour is not in
the least degree exaggerated in our figure, is of rather light
structure, the spii-e forming an even pyramid of angular
ribs. Before me is another specimen fi-ora the same col-
lection more advanced in age, in which the colouring is of
a paler scarlet hue, and commences to be broken up in
large interrupted patches ; and in the fine adult specimen
from Mr. Crotch's collection, the scai'let painting is only
partially distributed, the brown fragments of lines re-
maining here and there, whilst a rich dark chestnut-black
layer of enamel is deposited at maturity about the base
and upper extremity of the columella. The columcllar
plaits consist of three very prominent ones at the base, of
1849.

\OT.UTA Vi.xTE — \l

which the micUlle is the iargvsl, aiul llicre nre scvend fine
thread-like plaits above, as in the /'. mvsica and its con-
geners, which are more or less obsolete.

Concerning the locality of this species Mr. Dcnuison
writes me : — " I met with these shells in Liverpool, and
from inquiries made at the time, my impression is that they
were fi-om some part of the Eastern Coast of Africa."
Mr. Crotch, in part confirming this opinion, writes : — " All
that I can say of the locality of Fohda festiva, is, that it
was brought to Liverpool by the captain of a ship from the
coast of Africa, but whether east or west I know not."

M. D'Orbigny, confounding the F. Magellcmica with this
species, owing, probably, to Lamarck's erroneous com-
parison, says, " It is evident that the Voluta festiva was
only known to Lamarck in a very young state, in which it
is slightly ribbed and tubercled, but as the shell increases
it loses the tubercles and becomes almost smootli. It
inhabits the entire coast of Patagonia, from Bahia Blanca
to the strait of Magalhaens. We have collected it to the
south of the Eio Negro, and in all the tents of the Pata-
gonians encamped on the Rio Santa Cruz we observed
this shell in use as a drinking cup."

These interesting observations of M. D'Orbigny refer
without doubt to the Voluta Magellanica. The Voluta
festiva is a species from some part of Africa, of which only
a few specimens have yet been seen, and in which the
tubercles are more prominently developed as the shell
advances in arowth.

Spccii- -J'J. (Mus. (Aiming.)

VdMiTA PE.KTEXTA. Vul. testd siibelongato-ovatd, basi
truncatd, spire! breviuscvlu, npice papillari, subaai-
mitiatd, anfractibus superni declivibus, deinde plano-
convexis, colunielld triplieatd, aperturd subeffusd, labro
vex incrassato ; albidd, fvlvesceute-fusco undique nitidi
subtiliter reticulata, anfractumn margine satm-ali in-
tense castaneu macidatd, maculis flexuosis Unearibus
distantibus bifasciatd, apertura fauce castaneo tincld.

The lace Volute. Shell somewhat elongately ovate,
truncated at the base, spire rather short, papillaiy
and slightly acuminated at the apex, whorls slanting
round the upper part, then flatly convex, columella
three-plaited, aperture slightly efl'used, lip scm-ccly
thickened ; whitish, neatly finely reticulated through-
out, sutural edge of the whorls spotted with very
dark chestnut, and encircled with two bands of distant
flexuous linear spots, interior of the aperture tinged
with chestnut.

Uab. North Coast of Australia ; Jukes.

This little species belongs to that section of the genus
comprising V. volva, Turneri, and reticulata, from which
I have no hesitation in pronouncing it to be distinct. The
net-work is not the net-work of reticulata, it is from a
dift'erent loom, and the bands, composed of a few very
characteristic flexuous streaks, have no affinity of design
with those of the congeneric species, aU of which are
eminently distinct from each other though modelled on
the same specific type.

nhar/ ri Jia.

fA,

%

B .'i rti-l ft-htU

«-T

VOLUTA.

Species 80. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLHTA maculata. Vol. testa subpyriformi-oblongd,
crasuusculd, spird brevi, apice papUlari et obtusd, ari-
fractibtts lavibus, politis, superne decl'mibus, deinde
tumidis, columelld quadriplicatd, aperturd elongatd,
labro vix incrassatn ; vivide aurantio-luted, Ibieis irre-
gularibus castanets, carnleo nebidatis, fasciatd.

The spotted Volute. Shell somewhat pyriformly ob-
long, rather thick, spii'e short, obtuse and papillary
at the apex, whorls smooth, polished, slanting round
the upper part, then swollen, columella four-plaited,
aperture elongated, lip scarcely thickened ; bright
orange-yellow, Ijanded with irregular blue-clouded
chestnut lines.

SwAlNSON, Exotic Conchology, p. i'i. pi. 38.

IMj. Australia.

.^ delicate bright orange-yellow shell, of rather solid
srowth, banded with chestnut lines, clouded behind with
blue, the lines not being parallel to each other, but straggling
and at iiTegular intervals. Another specimen in the
British Museum is of rather larger size, but less distinctly
marked, than that here represented from JIi-. Cuming's
collection.

Species 31. (Mus. White.)

VoLUTA JiARMOiiATA. Vol. testu oblonijd, temiicuJa, ven-
tricosd, bam versus gradatim aitermatd, spird bred,
acuminatd, apice subpapillari, arifractibus lavibus,
superne concave-angulatis, ad anguhim subtiliter acute
tuberculatis, delude itijlatis, columelld fortiter quadri-
plicatis, aperturd elongatd, labro snbincrassato, eff'uso ;
fuhescente-aiirantid, lineis subtilibus castaneis, late un-
dulatis, liic illic e suturis descendentibus, in fasciis
duabus concinne cceruleo-nebulatis, columelld et aper-
ture fauce aurantio-carneolis.

The marbled Volute. Shell oblong, rather thin, ven-
tricose, gradually attenuated towards the base, spire
short, somewhat papillary at the apex, whorls smooth,
concavely angled round the upper part, finely sharply
tubercled at the angle, then inilated, columella
strongly four-plaited, aperture elongate, lip slightly
thickened, effused ; fulvous orange, with tine broadly
waved chestnut lines descending here and there from

the sutures, and prettily blue-clouded in two bands,
columella and interior of the aperture orange-carne-
lion.
SwainsOxV, Exotic Conchology, PI. 1.
Hab. Australia.

It was with this delicate and prettily marked species,
that Swainson, a great admirer of the Volutes, commenced
his ' Exotic Conchology.' Though differing materially
from the preceding species in form, by its Ught inflated
structure, it partakes somewhat of the colour and design
of painting, the ground tint being of a fulvous orange
hue, while the bands are formed by a similar blue-clouded
shading of the markings. The specimen here figured
from the collection of Henry Hopley White, Esq., is about
the ordinary size of the species, which varies considerably
in this respect, as may be seen by one in the British
Museum of nearly twice the dimensions.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)
VoLUTA VEXILLUM. Vol. testd obloiigo-ovatd, crassd, spird
breviusculd, acuminatd, apice erectd, papiUari, anfrac-
tibus lavibus, superne augulatis, ad angulum acute
compress!; tuberculatis, columelld fortiter quadriplicatd,
plicis perpaucis parvis irregularibus supra, aperturd
semiovali, labro acuto, effuso ; rosaceo-albd, taniis
ungustk, rividi' uurantUs, prope labruia divisis, nndique
ci III/ III aid.
Tee FLAG Volute. Shell oblong-ovate, thick, spire
rather short, acuminated, erect and papillary at the
apex, whorls smooth, angled round the upper part,
sharply compressly tubercled at the angle, columella
strongly four-plaited, with a very few small irregular
plaits above, aperture semioval, lip sharp, eft'used ;
pinkish-white, encircled throughout with narrow-
ribands of bright orange which become divided near
the bp.
Chejinitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. p. 152.
Hab. Ceylon.

This eminent shell, the ' PavUlon d'Orange' and 'Orange
Plag ' of early writers, is still of rare occurrence, and unap-
proached by any other species of the genus. It is worthy
of observation that the bright orange ribands of painting
which characterize it, mostly become divided, on reaching
maturity, into two shreds.

November, lSt9.

^

V L U T A .

Plate XIV.

Species 33. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA Magellanica. Vol. testa ovato-oblmgd, ventn-
cosd, nunc imiticidd, lavigatd, nunc crassiusatld,
obscure nodoso-tubeixulatd, spird brevi, acuminatd,
apice papillari, anfractibus superne obtuse angulatis,
deinde subinjlatis, columella quadripUcatd, subcallosd,
aperturd patuld, labro vix incrassato ; fuscescente-albd,
Uneis castanets undatis, e suturis promiscue descenden-
tibus, interdum fasciatim nebulatis, profuse pictd, colu-
mella labroqiie subaurantiis.

The Magellanic Volute. Shell ovately oblong, ven-
tricose, sometimes rather thin, sometimes obscurely
nodosely tubercled, spire short, acuminated, papillary
at the apex, whorls obtusely angled round the upper
part, then rather inflated, columella four-plaited,
rather callous, apertiu-e wide open, lip but slightly
thickened ; brownish white, profusely painted with
waved chestnut lines, descending promiscuously from
the sutures, sometimes clouded into bands, lij) and
columella tinged with orange.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. p. 139. pi. 148. f. 1313-4.

Varieties.

Vohita subnodosa, Leach.
J'ohda lubercuhla, Swainson.
I'ohdufestmi, D'Orbigny (not of Lamarck).

Hub. Coast of Patagonia; D'Orbigny. TieiTa del Fuego ;
Cumius;.

Li speaking of this species, it will be well to notice in
the first instance that I follow Lamarck, D'Orbigny, and
Deshayes in ascribing the broad shell under consideration,
distinguished by its four- or five-plaited columella, ven-
tricose growth, and short acuminated spire, to the Voluta
Magellanica of Chemnitz ; while the elongated shell with
a sharp cxserted spire and only two to three columeUar
plaits, referred to it by Kiener and Sowerby, is regarded
by me, after the same authorities, as the Voluta ancilla of
Solander in the Fortland Catalogue.

The Voluta Magellanica is found abundantly on the
coast of Patagonia from the Bay of San Antonio to the
Straits of Magalhaens and Tierra del Fuego, and was
observed by ^L D'Orbigny to be in use among the natives
as a drinking cup. As in most Volutes, the shell is not
unfrecjuently tubercled, sometimes the first few whorls
only are noduled, sometimes tlie nodular tubercle-like
growth extends to the last whorl, in which state it is
the V. subnodosa of Leach, then tuberculata of Swainson.
In all conditions the painting consists of a promiscuous
assemblage of undulated chestnut lines, waved with little
regard to pattern or regularity, and occasionally clouded to
about the middle, indicating a band. The shell taken by
M. D'Orbigny for Lamarck's Voluta /estiva is evidently a
variety of this ; the author of the ' Voyage dans rAmerique
Meridionale ' having attached an importance to Lamarck's
observations on that species, which does not belong to
them.

November, 184'J.

i .^

X

\

<I

y

X.

VOLUTA.

iSpecies 3i. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA Brasiliana. Vol. tedd snbglohoso-ovata, ven-
tricosd, spird brevissimd, apice vix papillari, anfracti-
bus linels incrementi rude notatls, supenie gibboso-an-
gulatk, ad angulum nodoso-tuberculatis, columelld bl-
pUcatd, aperturd patuld ; intus extusque fulvescetik,
immacidatd.

The Brazilian Volute. Shell somewhat globoscly
ovate, ventricose, spire very short, apes scarcely
papillary, whorls rudely marked with the Hues of
growth, gibbously angled round the upper part,
nodosely tuberclcd at the angle, columella two-
plaited, apertm-e wide open ; light fulvous within
and without.

SOLANDEE, Catalogue of the Portland Museum, p. ISil.
no. 3958.
Foluia colocynthk, Chemnitz.

Hub. Coast of Buenos Ayres ; D'Orbiguy.

This species was first made known by Favanne under
the title of ' Le Coloquiute,' or ' Wild Gourd;' but before
a Latin significance was given to this by Chemnitz, in the
name Voltda colocyiifMs, it was published by Dr. Solander
in the Catalogue of the Portland Museum with the name
J'ohita BrasiUiDia, descriptive of its locality.

It is somewhat doubtful whether the species exists of
so large a size in the present day as here represented.
The specimen figured was found by Mr. Cuming at
Bueuos Ayres, buried with others in a bank composed of
loose earth and worn shells, at a distance of about fifty
miles from the sea. M. D'Orbigiiy relates having seeu it
in abundance, dead, upon the sandy points of the coast,
from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata to Patagonia, where
it is particularly common about the mouth of the Rio
Negro, but much smaller ; one he collected alive, and has
figured, with the animal, in his magnificent work ' Voyage
dans rAmericjue Meridiouale,' Moll. PI. 60. f. 4-G.

spird brevi, aenuinui
Irembns, snperiu- ih-pi

Species 3.5. (Mus. Ruckcr.)
VoLUTA ANGULATA. Vul . t,'sl,ipl(iiii)-fit.sif(inili, sMrigoiid,
■;■ arnliii^riil,!, (l.ifractibuS
liihitis, cohiiiii'thi ampliter
tripVicatd, aperturd pahdd, labro simpUci ; fulveicenle-
xpiidiced, Imeis castmieis sape raris, dislantibus, e sutu-
ris promisciu' desceudeidibus.
TuE ANGLED VoLiiTE. Shell flatly fusifonn, somewhat
triangular, spire short, acuminated, rather sharp at
the apex, whorls smooth, depressly angled round the
upper part, columella largely threo-plaited, aperture
wide open, lip simple ; light fulvous bay, with waved
chestnut lines, often few and distant, descending pro-
miscuously from the sutures.
SwAlNSDN, Exotic Conchology, PI. 3 and 4.
I'lj/idii Diifn-siiil, Donovan.
I'ulida iKtuica, Siiubert and Wagner.
Foluiella uiigulata, D'Orbigny.
Hab. Buenos Ayres and Patagonia ; D'Orbigny.

This species is chiefly remarkable from the circumstance,
that the animal, which is beautifully spotted all over like
a leopard, has a lobe extending from the mantle on the
left side over the shell, after the manner of a Cowry. It
does not, however, secrete a vitrified enamel, but a milky
glazed coating, like Cymbium, through which the zigzag
marking is mostly visible. In a specimen before me from
Mr. Dennison's collection, the shell is entirely covered
with this glazed coating, flowing beyond the apex even,
and the marking is obliterated, whilst the columella and
interior of the aperture is of a rich carnelion colour.

M. D'Orbigny observed tlus species to inhabit the coast
of South America from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata,
north of Buenos Ayres, to the Bay of San Bias in Pata-
gonia, where it lives buried in the sand. Having captured
a specimen that was advancing from its hiding-place into
the water, he kept it alive for several days in a glass vessel,
dm-ing which time it walked about enveloped by the lobe
of its mantle.

Novemljcr, 1849.

^

v^

VOLUTA.

Species 36. (Mus. Rucker.^

VoLUTA IMPERIALIS Vol. testaoblongo-turbiuatd, crassis-
sima, pmiderosa, spird brevi, apice obtuse papillari, an-
fractibus superne concavo-angidatis, spinis yrnndibiis
erectis squamaih ad angulmn coronalis, columella, qua-
driplicatd, aperttird mhampld, labro vix incrassato ;
fidvescefde-spadiced, macidk I'mekque ca-staneis midniis
et angidatis, Kic illic fasciadm dispositk, ornald, colu-
mella el apertura fauce axtrantio-carneolk.

The imperial Volute. Shell obloug-turbinated, very
thick, ponderous, spire short, obtusely papillary at
the apex, whorls concavely angled round the upper
part, crowned with large erect squamate spines at
the angle, columella four-plaited, aperture rather
large, lip scarcely thickened ; pale fulvous bay, orna-
mented with waved and zigzag chestnut spots and
lines, disposed here and there in bands, columcUa
and interior of the aperture orange-earneKon.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 385.

Ilab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This noble species was originally named Murex Spengle-
riatius by Mai'tini, in honour of an eminent amateur of the
last eentuiy, and it would have been well, notwithstanding
the iiTegular nomenclature of the 'Conchylieu Cabinet,' had
Lamarck adopted that name. It was called the ' Grand
Foudre Chinois de M. Spengler,' also the ' Chinese Em-
peror's Crown,' Corona Imperatork Cldnensium, and ' Die
Mogolskrone,' ' The great Mogid's Crown.' It presents
little variation of growth and is always more or less pro-
minently coronated.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)
VoLUTA scArnA. Vol. .mbquadrato-turbinatd, crassissimd,
ponderosd, spird brevissimd, apice obtuse papillari, an-
fructibus Irevibtis, superne declivibtis, deinde gibboso-an-
gulatis, ad angulum interdum aidem rarissimh tnhercu-
latis, colmnelld fortiter qnadriplicatd, callosd, pracipite
ad partem superiorem, aperturd siibampld, labro sim-
plici, supra subalato ; fulvesceide-spadiced, maculis
nebulaiis Uneisque angidato-flexuosis castaneis varii
picid, columelld co'rulescente-albd, aperturrr fauce
cinereo-fusceacenle tineta.
The skiff Volute. Shell somewhat squarely ovate,
very thick, ponderous, spire very short, obtusely
papillary at the apes, whorls smooth, slanting round
the upper part, then gibbously angled, sometimes,
but very rarely, tubercled at the angle, columella
strongly four-plaited, callous, especially at the upper
part, aperture rather large, lip simple, slightly winged
above ; light fidvous bay, variously painted with
angidarly flexuous lines and clouded blotches, colu-
mella bluish white, interior of the ajjerture tinged
with ash-brown.
Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3468.

Variety. Volutafasciata, Schubert and Wagner.
Eab. Singapore (on the reefs) ; Cuming.

There is little variation of growth in this well-known
species, and the painting, though more or less disposed in
lines or blotches, is much of the same character. It has
been long known as the ' Skiff ' or ' Boat Volute ' ; Cym-
bium Capitis Bona Spei of Martini, and Condole mammil-
laire of Davila.

December, 1840.

V

VohiM. Fl.XVII.

H

%

I

#?J

G-.B. S.leletlitk,

VOLIITA.

Species 3S. (Fig. 38 a, Miis. Saul. Fig. 38 b, Mus. Cuining.)
VoLUTA Pacifica. Vol. testa, oUongo-fusiformi, subven-
tricom, spird phcs minusve exserid, apice vis papilla ri,
anfractibtis lavibus, mperne tuberculatis, tiiherailis
nunc promiiiaitibtts, nunc fere obsoletis, colmnelld qiia-
tuor- ad qidmpieplicatd, laminam expansam strpe ejjor-
mante, aperturd oblongd, labro mbreflexo ; carneo-
fiiscescente, maculis castaneis hieroyli/pJiim tfifasciatd,
insterstiliis sfrii/ls uudatis palUdioribttspromisaK pictk,
aperturrefuuct' auraiitio-raneolatd.
The Pacific Volute. Shell oblong-fusiform, rather
veutricose, spire more or less exserted, scarcely papil-
lary at the apex, whorls smooth, tubercled rmmd the
upper part, tubercles sometimes rather prominent,
sometimes almost obsolete, columella four- to five-
plaited, often forming an expanded lamina, aperture
oblong, lip slightly reflected ; light flesh-brown, en-
circled with three bands of chestnut hieroglyphic
spots, the interstices being promiscuously painted
with waved streaks of lighter brown, interior bright
flesh-orange.
SoLANUER, Cat. Portland Museum, p. 19U. no. 4i)o!J.
B/icci/iiim Arabicum., Martyn.
Viilala Arabica, Gmelin.
Variety. Voliita dongata, Swainson.
Hab. Van Diemen's Land. New Zealand.

The light ventricose variety of this species, constituting
the V. eloiKjala of Swainson, is of much more common
occui-rence than that which is strongly tubercled. The
latter variety, always more richly marked, was distinguished
by Favanue with the name of 'La robe Turque.' Most
specimens have a thin lamina expanded over the columella.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)
VoLUTA ANCILLA. Vol. testd elonyato-obloiHjd, subfmi-
formi, teuidculd, spird exsertd, apice pecidiariter coii-
torid,parhmpapillari, anfractibus convexis, laviuscidis,
coliimdld bi- tri-plicatd, aperturd suhamjmtd, labro
simpUci ; falvescente, strigis fusm, loHgiladuiuUter mi-
dulatis, hie illic pictd.

The captive Volute. Shell elongately oblong, some-
what fusiform, rather thin, spire exserted, peculiarly
twi.sted and but little papillary at the apex, whorls
convex, rather smooth, columella two- three-plaited,
aperture rather narrow, lip simple ; pale fulvous,
painted here and there wdth longitudinally waved
brown streaks.

SoLANDER, Portland Catalogue, no. 1873; Lamarck, Anim.
sans vert. (Deshaycs' edit.) vol. x. p. 398.
Valuta spectabiUs, Gmelin.
Valuta Matjdlanica, Sowerby (not of Chemnitz).

Ilab. Bay of Good Success ; Tierra del Fiicgo ; Cuming.
Coast of Patagonia ; D'Orbigny.

is siiiilrv inhabits the coasts of Patagonia and Fuegia
llh / M, I, II, mica, from which it may be readily
giii-li( il by its more sharply elongated growth and
■d apex.

Species 4U. (Mus. Cuming.)

Voluta gracilis. Val. testd ablaugo-fusiforwi, spird
exsertd, apice papillari, anfractibus lavibus, s/ipen/l'-
declivibus, deinJe tanddo-costatis, costis gradatim era-
iddis, coliimelld (luiidripUcatii, aperturd oblongd, labro
subincrassato ;fulrrsrv,/l,-, linrix castaneis undatklongi-
tudimditer pictd, liiicis trifuscialim saturatioribus.

TuE SLENDER VoLUTE. Shell oblong-fusiforui, spire
exserted, papillary at the apex, whorls smooth,
slanting round the upper part, then ribbed in a
swollen manner, ribs gradually fading, columella
four-plaited, aperture oblong, lip rather thickened ;
pale fulvous colour, jiaintcd longitudinally with waved
chestnut lines.

Swainson, Journal of Science, vol. xvii. p. 'ii.

Hab. Australia.

By exhibiting this species anil the V. Pacijica in juxta-
position, each of the natural size, theii' distinctive character
may be readily understood. The V. gracilis is uniformlv
of much smaller size, the tubercles have the form of swol-
len ribs, and there is no expanded columellar lamina.

December, 1849

Yoluta . FllVin

ilfc

V

\%

h

'I

/

G:B.S. del et litli..

^ L U T A

Species -11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Voi,i;ta NUCLEI'S. fol. testa ovatd, qiird hrem. apicv
ucidu, aiifractibiis longUudinaliter crebricostatis, cosfis
pants, gradaiim irregvlarlhus et evuiiidis, aiifnii'/n
ultimo sape hie illic varicoso, coluwellti liijiHriilii. pVirix
perpancis minutis obsohtis supra; canii/n-J'tisci-src/i/c,
f/tsro hie ilJic variegald et piiuctatd, varicibiis labroijue
iiigripuiictafis.

The keenel Volute. Shell ovate, spire short, sharp at
tlie apex, whorls longitudinally closely ribbed, ribs
small, gradually irregular and fading away, last whorl
often varicose hero and there, columella two-plaited,
with a few minute obsolete plaits above ; flesh-brown,
here and there variegated and dotted with brown, lip
and varices black-dotted.

L.\MAUCK, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes" edit.) vol. x. p. -tO.").
J'ohita ptrdicina, Megerle.

Hab. North Australia ; Jukes.

The irregular varicose growth of the last whorl appears

to be characteristic of the species.

Species 43. (Mus. Brit.)

VonTA Beckii. Vol. testd fusifonni-oblongd, spird sub-
acumiimtd, npice papillari, anfmctibtts transversim
siriatis, siipenie concavo-decUmbus, deiiide plicato-tu-
berculatis, columella arcuatd,fortifer tripUcatd, aper-
turd ovalo-oblongd, lahro shnpliei ; fu/vescei/te, lii/r/.s
castaneis undatis hie illic lo/igiludiiialiter picfd.

Beck's Volute. Shell fusiformly oblong, spire some-
what acuminated, papillary at the apex, whorls trans-
versely striated, coucavely slanting round the upper
part, then phcately tubercled, columella arched,
strongly three-plaited, aperture ovately oblong, lip
simple ; fulvous, painted longitudinally here and there
with waved chestnut lines.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 43.

Ihb. — ?

Tliis is the largest species of the genus known, the ac-
companying figure being reduced more than a third from
the original specimen.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

VOLUTA ZEBRA. J'ul. trstii unilo-iibluilijii , MariJIIlcUfe-

J'oniii, crassd, spini lim-i, nji'i,;- si'lijinjiilhiri, mifrtuii-
bus Iambus, supenir liKiiidiiisvulis, iin-diains obsolete
plicnto-nodulosis, columelld fortiter (puadriplicatd, aper-
turd subaiigustd, liibm incrassato, non rejlexo ; ebur-
ncn, ant J'r, ■,■!', /i,!, , Ihi'ln, strigis numerosis castaneis
sub//e.nn,.> , ,,f,i.

The zebra \ni,i n, >li,H ovate-oblong, Marginella-
shaped, thick, spii-e short, apex rather papillary,
whorls smooth, rather swollen round the upper part,
middle whorls obsoletely plicately noduled, aperture
rather narrow, lip thickened, not reflected; ivory-
white or rust-stained, lineated thi-oughout with nu-
merous slightly flexuous chestnut streaks.

Leacu, Zoological Miscellany, vol. i. pi. 12. f. 1.
^fargiiiella radiata, Lamarck.
Fuluta radiata, Kieuer.
f'oluta stragulata, Megerle.
Eadem var., Volnta lineata. Leach.

Hab. Australia.

Two states of this species, ditieriug immaterially from
each other, were described some five and thu-ty years since
by Dr. Leach, in his Zoological Miscellany under the
names T . zebra and lineata. Eight years subsequent to
this Lamarck describes it among the Marginellcr with the
name M. radiata, from a specimen communicated to him
by Ml-. Alexander Macleay, Botanist and Secretary of the
Linuccan Society, who afterwards settled in Australia. It
was then described by Megerle imdcr a fourth name
/'. stragulata, and published by Schubert and Wagner in
their Supplement to the Conehylien Cabinet of Martini
and Cliemuitz.

December, 1849.

VoliMa.ri.XIX.

%nj;

^\.' ":

^

&B S. Met Mil

B..B.i-,Il.iiiip.

VOLUTA

Plate XIX.

■Species 44. (Mus. Brit.)

VoLiTA M.\MiLLA. I'ol. testd ovatd, temii, ventricosd,
spird brevi, in mamillam aniplam timiidam dtstorid,
anfractibm Itevibus, cohimelld triplicatd, aperturd sub-
ampld ; fulvd, strit/is iindatis lonf/ittcdinaliter rdicu-
latd, fascia immacidafu medio intermUtente.

The nipple Volute. Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, spii-e
short, distorted into a large swollen nipple, whorls
smooth, columella three-plaited, apertm-e rather large ;
fulvous, reticulated longitudinally with waved streaks,
leaving an unspotted band in the middle.

Gray; t^owerby, Tliesaiu-us Conch, p. l'(I7. pi. 5i).f. .57, 58.

Hab. AustraKa.

This shell is in a very immature state, and there can be
little doubt of the swollen apes being a malformation.
No importance can be attached to tliis, and I adopt the
species only because the painting with its light central
band does not agi-ee with any other.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Von'TA FLAVicANs. Vol. tesld ovatd, vel oblongo-ovatd,
basi productd, crassd, spird breviiisculd, upice obtusd,
anfractibiis lavibus, aiit longitudinaUter mintdissimi
striatis, siiperne tumidiiisculis, interdum squumato-
tuberculatis, columdld fortissime qwidripUcatd, apcr-
turd sttbangnstd, labro siipeniH siimato ; Jlavicai/te, vi-
ridi-fusco infra snturas maculatd et luidiiiue nehulatd.

The yellowish Volute. Shell ovate or oblong-ovate,
produced at the base, thick, spii-e rather short, ob-
tuse at the apex, whorls smooth or longitudinally
very minutely striated, rather swollen round the
upper part, sometimes squamately tubercled, columella
very strongly four-plaited, aperture rather naiTow, lip
sinuated round the upper pai-t ; yellowish, blotched
beneath the sutures, and mottled throughout with
greenish brown.

Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3404.

Pyrmu Moltkianum, Martini.
Volida volvacea, pars, Lamarck.
Voluta punctata, Kiener (not of Swainsou).
Var. elongata. folula sigiiifer, Broderip.

Hab. Australia.

There is no species in which the columellar plaits are
so strongly developed as in the V.fiavicans. In some
specimens they are raised nearly a quarter of an inch above
the surface of the body-whorl, and are always more or less
distinctly continued outwardly round the base. The shell
is of very solid growth, coloured with an obscure mottled
blue or greenish-red, and was known to the early Dutch
eonchologists by the name of the ' Bergamot Pear.'

The shell presented to Mi-. Cuming by Dr. Dalen of
Rotterdam, and described by Mr. Broderip as a new species
(Pro. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 232), under the name V. sigiiifer,
is an elongated form of V.Jlavicans in which the lip is not
quite mature.

Species 46. (Mus. Dennison.)

VoLUTA CVMBIOLA. I'ol. testd oblongo-pyriformi, xpird
breoi, (ipice obtiisi; papillari, suturis subrudibus, subti-
iifcr spinoso-squamatis, anfractibus supernl concave-
declicibus, deiitde peculiariter spinoso-squamatis, squa-
7)us brevibus, amiis, erectis, subdistatifibus, colnmelld
quadriplicatd, aperturd oblongd, labro vix inera^sato ;
ciiiereo-virescente, punctis lineisque fuscis brevibus,
fulvo-nmbratis, aspersd, suturis nigrofusco /i/imtis,
aperturee fauce oUvaceo-cinered.

The LITTLE BOAT VoLUTE. Shell oblong-pcar-shaped,
spire short, obtusely papillary at the apex, obtusely
somewhat rude, finely spinosely squamate, whorls
coneavely slanting round the upper part, then pecu-
liarly spinosely squamate, the scales being sjiort,
sharp, erect, and rather distant, columella four-plaited,
aperture oblong, lip scarcely thickened ; ash-green,
sprinkled with brown fulvous shaded dots and short
lines, sutures lineatcd with black-brown, interior of
the apertm-e olive-ash.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. p. 141. pi. 148. f. 1385, /;.
Voluta coroiiala, Kiener.

Eab. Moluccas.

Tliis species difi'ers remarkably from any other ; then-
is a gi-eat peculiarity in the style of painting, as well as
in the short erect spiuc-seales with which it is coronated.

December, 1840.

Voli(ta.,ri.II-

OB, S . dal et hth .

U.B,&:R-,imp.

V L U T A.

Plate XX.

Species 47. (Mus. Brit.)

VoLUTA LUTEOSTOMA. /'o/. testd subquadrato-omtd, crassu,
spird brevi, apice obtusd, anfractibus longitudinaUter
striaiis, superne aiic/idatis, ad angidum tuberculatk et
acute squamatis, columelld fortissme quadriplicatd,
apertiird oblongd, labro intus incrassato, siibreflexo ;
lacted, intense fiisco trigmio-reticidald, aperturm fauce
vivide lilted.

The yellow mouth Volute. Shell somewliat s(|i[arely
ovate, thick, spire short, obtuse at the apex, whorls
longitudinally striated, angulated round the upper
part, tubercled and sharply squamate at the angle,
columella very strongly four-plaited, aperture oblong,
lip thickened within, slightly reflected ; cream -colour,
triangidarly reticulated with very deep brown, in-
terior of the aperture bright yellow.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. ii. pi. 177. f. 1707, 8.
Miirex liiteosloma, Meusehen.
Valuta vesperiilio, var.. Martini.
Volida imperialis, var., Dillwyn.
Foluta clinjsodoma, Swainson.

Hab.

The r. Inleostouia is very distinctly characterized by its
scjuare thickened growth, squamate tubercles, and pattern
of colouring, consisting externally of a very dark brown
transverse net-work, and internally of a bright saffron
yellow. Martini's figure of the species, Conch. Cab. vol. iii.
pi. 07. f. 930, appears to have escaped observation.

Species 48. (Mus. Brit.)

VoLUTA LYK.EF0R5I1S. Vol. testd fusij'ormi-liirritd, spird
aciiminatd, valde productd, apice globom-papillari, an-
fraclibus convexis, undique longitudinaUter crebricos-
tatis, costis interstitiisque longitudinaUter striatis, an-
fractii ultimo basi transversim sulcato-corrugato, colu-
melld muUiplicatd, plicis inferioribus tnajoribus, eateris
parvis, aperturd paniusculd, oblongd, labro subincraji-
■iato, exttts vnricoso ; pallide earned, maculis lineisque
carukis castaueis et rufescentibM faiciatim pictd.

The LYRE-SHAPED Volute. Shell fusiformly turreted,
spire acuminated, very much produced, globosely
papillary at the apex, whorls convex, longitudinally
closely ribbed throughout, ribs and interstices longi-

tudinally striated, last whorl transversely grooved in
u wi-inkled manner at the base, columella many-
plaited, lower plaits larger, the rest small, aperture
rather small, oblong, pale flesh-colour, painted in a
banded manner with blue, chestnut, and reddish spots
and lines.

Brodekip, Zoological Journal, vol. iii. p. 83. pi. 3. f. 3.
.Mitra Ujnrformis, Swainson.

llab. East Coast of Africa.

This beautiful shell in our national collection, the only
one of the species at present known, is remarkable for its
elongated growth, ribbed sculpture and richly variegated
painting.

The shell figured by M. Kiener for rolula lyr/pfunnin
appears to be the V. mcgaspira which follows.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

VoLUTA MEGASPIKA. Vol. tesld fusifonui, turritd, leiiid-
ruld, ■%pird elongatd, exsertd, apice globom-papillari,
anfractibus transversim, subtiliter striatis, longitudina-
liter plicato-costatis, costis aperturam versus gradatim
evanidis, columelld quinqueplicatd, plicis superioribus
parvis, subobsoletis, aperturd oblongd, parviuscutd,
labro vix incrassato ; carneo-fuscescente, rvfescetde-
castaneo irregulariter maculatd et fulgttratd.

The LARGE SPIRE Volute. Shell fusiform, turreted,
rather thin, spire elongated, exserted, apex globosely
papillary, whorls transversely finely striated, longitu-
dinally plicately ribbed, ribs gradually fading towards
the aperttire, columella five-plaited, upper ))laifs
small, somewhat obsolete, aperture oblong, rather
small, lip scarcely thickened; light flesh-brown, irre-
gularly blotched and waved with reddish clir>rnut.

Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., p. 398. pi. 48. f. :!1, .'!■,'.

Hab. Japan; Siebold.

This elegant fusiform species is of rather light growth,
deUcately plicately ribbed, the ribs being sharp and com-
pressed, and nearly obliterated on the last whorl. Tlu'
specimen here figured from Mr. Cuming's collection, was
l)rought from Japan by Dr. Siebold. There is a specimen
in the collection of M. Delessert in Paris, figured erro-
neously by Kiener for the V. Igrceformis, and another
in the Museum at Levden.

Uecembe

YOLUTA.— Plate XX.

Species 50. (Mus. Brit.)

VoLUT.v JuNONiA. Vol. testa fusiformi-ovata, npird brevi,
apice obtusd, atifraetibus lavibus, vel minute decmsatim
striatis, superrm tumidimadu, columella fortiter quad-
riplicatd, aperturd longiusmdd, laliro simplici ; laded,
macidk interne rwfii seriatim regulariter pictd.

The peacock-tail Volute. Shell fusiformly ovate,
s])ire short, obtuse at the apex, whorls smooth or
minutely decussately striated, rather swollen round
the upper part, columella strongly four-plaited, aper-

ture rather long, lip simple ; cream-colour, regularly

painted with rows of deep-red spots.
Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. xi. pi. 177. f. 1703, 4.
Hab. Gulf of Mexico.

The spots in the shell here figured from the British
Museum are arranged in double transverse rows, but it is
not a character of the species.

The habitat of this very rare Volute is supposed to bt-
on the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico, near the
mouth of the Appalachicola River.

VolHta.PlIXI.

|v- -^

It.,

&

fr'>i^"

VOLUTA.

Species 51. (Mils. Brit.)

VoiUTA cosTATA. J'ol. lentd obloiigo-ovalii, spird bremits-
culd, turritd, apice subacutd, nnfraclihm Iceoihus, vd
minutissime decttssatim siriatis, basi comigalo-stdcalis,
ad suturas depresso-planis, deinde longUudinaUhr
costatis, costis regularibus, rotundatis, superne mucro-
natk, columella muUipUcatd, plicis tribus infarioribtis
distiuctis, cateris panis, fire ohsoletis ; alia, croceo-
rufiscente promiscue sparsim. muculald et lineaid.

The ribbed Volute. Shell oblong-ovate, spire rather
short, turreted, rather sharp at the apex, whorls
smooth, or very minutely decussately striated, corru-
gately grooved at the base, dcpressly flattened at the
sutures, then longitudinally ribbed, ribs regidar,
rounded, pointed at the upper extremity, columella
many-plaited, the three lower plaits dislhict, the rest
small, almost obsolete ; white, promiscuously sparingly
spotted and lineated with light saffron red.

SwAiNSON, Journal of Science, vol. 17, p. 33.
Valuta anna, Lesson.

Harptda ha/pa, Swainsou (in Exotic Conch.)
Valuta liarpa, Deshaycs (not of Barnes).
Valuta li/rata, Sowcrby.

Hab. Moluccas.

The dcpressly flattened structure of the upper part of
the whorls forms a characteristic angular shelf next the
sutures, upon the edge of which the ribs terminate each
in a point.

Species 52. (Mus. Brit.)

VoLUTA PUNCTATA. Vol. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, spird
brevi, apice obtusd, aiifraciibus supern? concavo-declivi-
bus, deinde subobscure tuberculalis, columella fortiter
quadriplicatd, et promiscue punctata.

The dotted Volute. Shell ovate, rather tliick, spire
short, obtuse at the apex, whorls concavely slanting
round the upper part, then somewhat obscurely tuber-
cled, columella strongly four-plaited ; light fulvous
rose, marked with square spots and promiscuously
dotted of a darker colour'.

SwAlNSON, Zoological Illustrations, 1st Scries, pi. IGl.

Hab. ?

This shell is not in very good condition, but has suffi-
cient character to distinguish it from any other species.

There is nothing remarkable in the form ; the pattern and
colouring are peculiar, and not so much faded as to prevent
an easy recognition of the species should a second specimen
be found.

Species 53. (Mus. Brit.)

A oluta cojiciNNA. Vol. testd fusifirmi, subgracili, sjiird
e.vsertd, apice papillari, anfractibus transversim subti-
lissime elevato-striatis, superne angulatis, et iuberculato-
plicatis, columelld quadriplicatd , aperturd subangustd ;
fuhd, lineis castanets midulatis, ereberrime longitndi-
t/aliter picid.

The neat Volute. Shell fusiform, rather slender, spire
esserted, papillary at the apex, whorls transversely
very finely elevately striated, angulated round the
upper part, and tubercularly plicated, columella four-
plaited, aperture rather narrow ; fuhous, very closely
longitudinally painted with wavy chestnut lines.

Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soc. 183(;, p. 43.

Huh. ?

An elegantly formed species, of which this is the only
specimen that has been seen. It is of a light fulvous
colour, densely longitudiually striped throughout with
slight Iv waved chestnut liues.

Species 54. (Mus. Brit.)

Voluta pulchra. Vol. tesld omta-oblotigd, spird sub-
exsertd, apice obtusd et minute nodulosd, anfractibus
hnibus, superne concavo-declivibus, angulatis, ad angu-
lum tuberculalis, tuberculis prominentibus, subcom-
prexsis, erect i.i, mucrouatis, columelld quadriplicatd,
saliiraQ Irifiixciuh!, „i,in,fi.s triijiinix utiuemsix ulbis
i„/rr,„i/f,',//,:/„sr,;sj„u/r/,.s,/r„ii,l,buxliueari/„iM,/l,;,sr
fusri, p,.;,l„r,lrr aspas.s, eohn.u'lla Mrrn./ur ricide
aurantiO'Carneolis.

The beautiful Volute. Shell ovatcly oblong, spire
somewhat exserted, obtuse and minutely noduled at
the apex, whorls smooth, concavely declining round
the upper part, angled, tubercled at the angle, tuber-
cles prominent, somewhat compressed, erect, pointed,
columella four-plaited, aperture oblong, lip scarcely
thickened ; fulvous !iay, darker in three bands, leaving
numerous white triangular spots, bands peculiarly

December, 1S49.

VOLUTA.— Plate XXI.

sprinkled with very deep brown large linear dots, lip

and columella bright orange camelion.
SowERBY, Tankerville Cat. App. p, 28, pi. i, f. 3.
Jlrib. Australia; Macgillivray.

When Mr. Sowerby named this shell ' The Beautiful,'
he little anticipated so complete a verification of the term
as we find in the specimen before us. The species has only
been known, hitherto, in a worn, discoloured state ; in the
shell here figured, collected in Australia by Mr. Mac-
gillivray, and presented to the British Museum by the
Earl of Derby, the painting is in its perfection, and a more
beautiful object it is not easy to conceive.

The Valuta pulehra is nearest aUied to V. vesperdlio,
but may be readily distinguished by its dift'erent style of
net-work colouring and the sprinkling of dark oblong
blotches, over the tubercles, around the middle, and at
the base.

Species 55. (Mus. Brit.)

VoLUTA BUM<ATA. Fol. testd oblongo-cyliiidraced, tenui-
cidd, sjnrd brevi, obtusd, apic.e papillari, anfracUbm
lavibus, lumidiusculis, siipenu; contractk, columella
bipUcatd, pUcis basalibus, aperturd angustd, prope ad
spiram ascendente, labro vix incrassato ; fulvd, linek
imdiilaiis confusk maculkque castanek promkcue pictd.

The hubble-like Volute. Shell oblong-cylindrical,
rather thin, spire short, papillary at the apex, whorls
smooth, rather swollen, contracted at the upper part,
folumella two-plaited, plaits basal, apertui-e narrow,
ascending nearly to the spire, lip scarcely thickened ;
fulvous, promiscuously painted with confused waved
lines and chestnut blotches.

SwAiNsoN, Zoological Illustrations, Second Series.

Hub. .\lgoa Bay, South Africa.

A very remarkable species, the most abnormal form of

the genus, of which there are two specimens in the

British Museum.

I'o/a/u, J'l. ITII.

4

i

& B. S . lei et ttK ,

V L U T A .

Species 56. (Miis. Cuming.)

VoLUTA GUTTATA. Vol. testd pyriformi-oblonffd, crasaii,
basi suhrecurvd, spird acmninatd, apice subaculd, uii-
fractibm plicato-codatis, costis gradatim evanidis, co-
Imnelld multiplicatd, pUcis dmbus iribusve inferior lb us
distinctis, creteris minutis, aperturd parviusculd, labro
incrassato, variceso, intus obsolete denticidato ; rosaceo-
albd, ffuiiis rufo-fuscis Mc illic irrecjulariter pictd.

The spotted Volute. Shell pyramidally oblong, thick,
a little recurved at the base, spire acuminated, rather
sharp at the apex, whorls plicately ribbed, ribs gra-
dually fading away, columella many-plaited, two or
three lower plaits distinct, the rest minute, aperture
rather small, lip thickened, varicose, obsoletely den-
ticulated within ; pinkish-white, painted in'cgularly
with blotches of red-brown.

Hab. Honduras; Dysou.

An interesting new species of which two examples were

collected, belonging to the same type as the little /'.

Guildiiiffii.

Species 57. (Mus. MetcaWe.)

VoLUTA Cylleniformis. Fol. testd ovatd, crassissimd,
basi recurvd, spird conicd, apice acuta, anfractibus sii-
perne depresso-sulcatis, longitndinaliter acute plicato-
costatis, liris subtilibns plus minus obsolete decussatis,
columella antice rugulosd, triplicatd, plicis parvis,
acutis, aperturd parvd, labro incrassato, varicoso ; alhd,
guttis aurantio-fa-icescentibus hie illic promiscue pictd.

The Cyllene - shaped Volute. Shell ovate, rather
thick, recurved at the base, spii'e conical, sharp at
the apex, whorls depressly gi-ooved round the upper
part, longitudinally sharply pKcately ribbed, more or
less obsoletely decussated with fine ridges, columella
rugulose in front, three-plaited, plaits small, sharp,
aperture small, lip thickened, varicose ; white, pro-
miscuously painted here and there with light
orange-brown spots.

SowEKBY, Thesaurus Conch, p. 214. pi. 55. f. 113, 113.

Hah. ?

This interesting little species, so nearly resembling a
Cyllene in general aspect, is at present unique in the col-
lection of William Metcalfe, Esq.

Species 58. (Mus. Taylor.)

VoLUTA abyssicola. Vol. testd pyriformi, temd, spin!
bn-vi, subfnrritn, apice acuta, anfractibus siipernr dc-
pye.no-caiialiciilalis, liris nunierosis acutis longitudina-
libus et transversis midiqiie creberriine subprofunde
cancellaiis, liris siiju-rni- niiirnniatis, cohmelld quadri-
plicatd, aperturd siibinninshl, Uihro tend ,- fulvescente-
cinered, fasciis rufo-fuscis august is tribus vet quatuor
cingulutd.

The deep-inhabiting Volute. Shell pear-shaped, thin,
spire short, somewhat turreted, sharp at the apex,
whorls depressly channelled round the upper part,
rather deeply very closely cancellated tlu-oughout
with numerous sharp ridges, which are pointed at
the upper part, columella four-plaited, aperture
rather narrow, lip thin ; fulvous-ash colour, encircled
with three or four narrow red-brown bands.

Adams and Eeeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, pi. 7. fig. 6.

Ilab. Cape of Good Hope (dredged from a bank of dead
shells and rounded iron-stones, at the depth of 133
fathoms) ; Belcher.

This elaborately carved species is one of considerable
interest, from the ciixumstance of its being the fii-st living
representative of a group of highly-sculptm-ed fossil
species, abounding in the Eocene portion of our Tertiary
beds. The principal of these V. lima, elevata, crenulata,
and digitaUna, are well known to geologists and were
distinguished as a subgenus by INIi-. Svvainsou, under the
name FolutilitJies.

The Voluta abyssicola, under consideration, is not iden-
tical with any of the fossil species, the surface being cha-
racterized by a closer and more sharply defined pattern of
lattice-work, comprising as many as thirty transverse and
forty longitudinal ridges in a whorl. The upper edge of
the whoi'ls is depressly flattened at the sutiwes, forming
a narrow ascending chajinel. The ridges are slightly
nodulous at the point of crossing, and round the upper
extremity impart a coronated aspect to the shell. The
columcUar plaits, four in number, are sharp and delicate.
The outer lip is thin and does not appear to be matiu'e.

Species 59. (Mus. Pelessert.)
Voluta dubia. Vol. testa ocato-fusifond, spirt

December, 184!).

VOLUTA.— Plate XXII.

versus papillari, anfraciibus iransversim tenuissme
driatis, longitudinaUter subpUcatis, columelld vix pli-
catd; flavicante, macidis quadratis fulvo-rufis seriatim
tessellatd.

The doubtful Volute. Shell ovately fusiform, spire
papillary towai-ds the apex, whorls transversely very
finely striated, longitudinally slightly plicated, eolii-
mella scarcely plaited; yellowish, tessellated with
rows of square fulvous-red spots.

Broderip, Zool. Soc. vol. iii. p. 81. pi. 3. f. 1.
Fustcs tessellatus, Schubert and Wagner.

Hab. ?

The columeUar plaits of this species, which is unknown
to me, are so faintly developed, that some doubt has been
entertained of its genus. Shortly after the publication of
it as a Vohde in the Zoological Journal, from a specimen
brought to this country by M. Roussel wliich Mjt. Sowerby
mentions having had in his possession, a second specimen
was figured by Schubert and Wagner in their Supplement
to the ' Conchylien Cabinet ' as a Fusiis. M. Kiener pub-
lished a third specimen in his monograph of the same
genus, in which the columeUar plaits are not indicated at
all. In my monograph of Fimts I introduced a copy of
this (Conch. Icon. Fusus. PI. XIV. Fig. 53). Mr.
Sowerby has, however, kindly drawn my attention to its
identity with the figure of FoMa dubia of the Zoolcgical
Joui'nal, and from the papUlary structure of the apex there
can be little doubt that the true position of this very rare
and interesting species is in the genus to which Mr. Bro-
derip fii-st assigned it.

Species 60. (Mus. Sheepmaker.)
YoLUTA CAssiDULA. Vol. testa ovatd, subinflatd, spird
brevi, apice acuta, aiifractibiis convexis, iumidiuscults,
undiqne concentrice crebriliratis, columelld muUipli-
catd, pMcis tribus ivferioribus distinetis, aciiiis, ccderis
viinulis, iiumerosis, irrcgularibiis, aperturd oblowjd.

labro pecAiUariter effuso ; carneo-lacted, lineis purpureo-
fiiscis subtilibus transversis guttisqne promiscue pictd,
coluiiielld labroque pallide croceis.
The little helmet Volute. Shell ovate, somewhat
inflated, spii'e short, sharp at the apex, whorls con-
vex, rather swoUeu, concentrically closely ridged
throughout, columella many-plaited, the three lowest
plaits sharp and distinct, the rest minute, numerous,
irregular, apertui-e oblong, lip peculiarly effused ;
flesh-tinted cream-colour, promiscuously painted with
purple-brown spots and fine transverse lines, lip and
columella light saffron yellow.
Hab. Japan.

An interesting new species from the collection of Mr.
Sheepmaker of Amsterdam, of which two or three speci-
mens of similar character are known.

Species 61. (Mus. Cumiug.)
VoLUTA GuiLDlNGlI. Vol. testd pyramidali-oblongd, basi
recurvd, spird acuminata, anfractibus concentrice ob-
tuse costatis, interstitiis liris subtilibm elatkratis, colu-
melld uuUiplicatd, plicis duabus tribmve inferioribvs
distinetis, ceeteris minutis, aperturd parviusculd, labro
incrassato, varicoso, intus obsolete denticulato ; rosaceo-
albd, guttis rnfo-fuscis hie illie irregulariter pictd.
Guilding's Volute. Shell pyramidaOy oblong, re-
curved at the base, spii-e acuminated, whorls con-
centrically obtusely ribbed, interstices latticed with
fine ridges, columella six-plaited, the thi-ee lower
plaits distinct, aperture small, lip thickened, varicose,
minutely denticidated within ; dark purple-brown,
promiscuously painted with a few red spots.
Sowerby, Thesam-us Conch, p. 214. pi. 5.5. f. 110, 111.
Hab. St. Vincent's, West Indies.

The concentric ribs of this little species range some-
what obliquely, the interstices being finely latticed with
small ridges.

VOLUTA.

Species.

Flaw.

Specie

abyssicola, Adnms S,- R('cv(

, . xxn.

58

innexa, lieeve

IV.

9

. , . XVIL

39

interpuncta, Martyn

.Tunonia, Chemnitz

VI

angulata, SwaUison

. XV.

.3.5

XX.

50

(imia. Lesson .

. XXL

.51

iipvifjata, Lamarck

VIIL

18

. . XVIL

3S

Lapponica, Liunfeus

VI

. . . IL

4
12

XVIII.
XX.

Bock-ii, Broderip

. . . xvin.

hitcostoma, Chemnitz

47

Brasiliana, Solaiider

. . XV.

3+

lyr;cformis (Mitra), Swains.

XX.

48

bullata, Swaiimn

XXL

55

h/rnta, Sowerby

XXI.

51

cayiicolata, Lamarck . . .

. vrn.

IS

niaculata, Swaiimn

XIII.

30

cassitlula, Reeve

. XXIL

GO

MagcUanica, Chemnitz

XIV.

33

ddorouna, Lamarck

VIIL

IS

magnifira, Chmnibz

I.

2

chnjsodoma, Swainson . . .

\x.

47

maniilla, Gray

XIX.

44

cvlocijnthk, Chemnitz . . .

. . XV.

34

marmorata, Swaiimn

XIII.

31

concinna, Brodm-ip

. . XXL

53

megaspira, Sowerby

.KX.

49

. XIX.
. . XXI.

4(1
51

V.

III.

11

costata, Swainson

Mitrasibrmis, Lamarck

7

Ciimingii, Broderip . . .

I.

1

iiiii/tico.stata, Broderip

III.

7

Cvllencformis, Sowerii/ .

. . XXIL

57

musica, Liniians

VIIL

18

cymbiola, Chemnitz

. . XIX.

4G

na.uca, Schubert

XV.

35

Delessertiana, Petit

. . III.

5

nivosa, Lamarck

VII.

17

Biifremii, Donovan

. . XV.

35

nodidom, Lamarck

VIIL

18

dubia, Broderip

. . XXIL

59

Norrisii, Sowerby

VII.

15

eloiiijata, Swaiusou

XVIL

38

nucleus, Lamarck

XVIII.

41

exoptanda, Sowerby

,. X.

■2-2

Paeitica, Solaiider

XVIL

38

. . XVI.

37

XL

24

Fernssaci, Donovan

.. X.

23

papillaris, Sowerby

IV.

10

festiva, Lamarck

. . XII.

28

pe/lis-serpentis, Lamarck . . . .

V.

11

Jiammula, Wood

. . XIX.

46

perdicina, Megerle

piperata, Sowerby

XVIII.

41

flavicans, Gmelin

. , XIX.

45

VII.

16

fulgetrum, Sowerbi/

. . VI.

13

plicata, Dillywn

VIIL

18

fulminata, Lamarck

.. VL

14

po/yzoiialis, Lamarck

IX.

19

fidva, Lamarck

.. IX.

19

pra'texta, Reeve

XII.

29

fusiformis, Swaiimn ....

. . III.

6

pulchra, Sowerby

XXL

54

. . XVIL

40

punctata. Swain-son

XXI.

52

Guiklingii, Sowerbi/

. . ^XII.

f31

piisio, Swainsou

IX.

19

Giiiimica, Lamarck

. . VIIL

18

radiata, KJener

XVIII.

43

Oiiineensis, Chemnitz . . .

. . VIIL

18

reticulata, Reeve

XL

25

. . .XXIL

56

X.

23

I

3

20
36

VL
IV.
XVI.

14

IX

rutila, Broderip

scapha, Giiie/in

8

imperialis, Lamarck

. . XVI.

37

Indica, Sowerby

.. VL

12

serpentina, Lamarck

V.

11

Plate.

Specie,

■liffnifer, Broderip

.. XIX.

4.5

Sophia, Gray

.. X.

•?A

Soioerbyi, Kiener . . .

.. in.

6

spectabilis, Gmelin . .

. . XVII.

39

slragnlata, Megerle .

. XVIII.

43

mbnodosa. Leach . . .

. . XIV.

33

mlcata. Lamarek . . .

.. VIII.

18

thiarella, Lamarck

.. VIII.

18

tuhercnlnta, Swainson

. XIV.

33

Pkte-

turbinata, Kieuer IX.

Turneri, Gray XII.

undulata, Lamarck XL

vespertilio, Linnaus V.

vexillura, Cliemnitz XIII.

virescens, Solander IX.

volva, Chemnitz XL

rohacea, Lamarck XIX.

zebra, Lead, XVIII.

KRUATUJl,
PI. XIX. Sp. 4(1. To r. ciimhioln, add as syiionymc- V.fhimnmlu. WDnd.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

FISSURELLA

Art's finest pencil coiUd but rudely nuick
The painted Limpets broidered ou a rock,
And those gay wateiy grots he woidd explore,

Small excavations ou a rocky shore.
That seem like fairy baths or mimic wells,
Richly embossed Hith weeds and choicest shells,

As if her trinkets Nature chose to liidc
Where nought invaded but the flowing tide. — Tay

Tm-urdhi . PI I .

W "

FISSURELLA

Genus Fissukella, Bruguicre.
Testa depresso-couica, ovata vel oblongo-ovata, dypeifonuis,
plerumque antice attenuala, radiat'mi striata vel costata,
stmimitate perforata, orificio ohlongo, vel sitborbiculai-i,
laferibtts nunc coardato, nunc excavato, sapissime
antice inclinato.
Shell depressly conical, ovate or oblong-ovate, shield-
shaped, generally attenuated anteriorly, radiately
striated or ribbed, perforated at the summit, orifice
oblong, or nearly orbicular, sometimes contracted,
sometimes excavated at the sides, most frequently
inclined anteriorly.
The Fissierella, or Key-hole Limpets, constitute an
attractive group, distinguished rather for their beauty and
variety of painting, than for any remarkable development
of sculpture. The orifice at the summit of the shell, which
constitutes the principal character of the genus, is mostly
inclined anteriorly, that is, in the direction of that portion
of the shell covering the head of the mollusc, and which
is generally more or less attenuated. The orifice varies
characteristically in form in different species, but not in
individuals of the same species. It is mostly oblong,
sometimes a little excavated at the sides, but more fre-
quently contracted in the middle, in such a manner
as to give a denticulated character to the margin. In
one species, F. aperta, the orifice is considerably larger
than in any other, and the animal, as figiu-ed by
M. D'Orbigny, is seven or eight times longer than the
shell ; in another, F. macrosc/iisina, the orifice is stretched,
so to speak, nearly to the anterior basal edge. The sculp-
ture consists of ribs or ridges radiating from the dorsal
orifice to the base, and an agreeable pattern is sometimes
produced by the development of concentric ridges, which
are squamate at the point of crossing.

The largest and most brilliantly painted Fissurellts are
fi-ora the western coast of South America. During
Mr. Cuming's sojourn in that country, he collected several
species on exposed rocks, at low water, larger and finer than
any before known. At the Philippine Islands, on the
contrary, Mr. Cuming observed only a few species of small
size ; nor were any collected during the voyage of the
Samarang among the Islands of the Eastern Seas at all
approaching in size to those of Chili and Peru.

Species 1 (Fig. a and b. Mus. Cuming.)
FissuEELLA Chemsitzii. Fiss. testd ovaid, antice at/e-
nuatd, depressiuscidd, lateribiis pecidiariter compressd,
extremltatibus levatis ; radiatim costata, costis rudibus,
incequalihus, obsolete nodosis, Mc illic tumidiusculis,
orificio ovali, ample ; olicaceo-viridi et purpureo-roseo
tincld et radiatd.
Chemnitz's Fissurella. Shell ovate, attenuated an-
teriorly, rather depressed, peculiarly compressed at
the sides, lifted at the extremities ; radiately ribbed,
ribs rugged, unequal, obsoletely nodose, rather
swollen here and there, orifice oval, large ; stained
and rayed with olive green and purple-rose.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soo., 1831., p. 12(5. Conch. Illus.

f. 55.
Ilab. Benguela, W. Africa ; Dr. Tarns.

There can be no impropriety in dedicating this species
to the author of the latter volumes of the ' Conchylien
Cabinet;' but it is not identical with the figure of his
predecessor (Martini, vol. i. pi. 11. f. 100), to which
Mr. Sowerby refers it. The ribs are fewer in number and
more unequal, wliilst the orifice is totally different. To
the specimen formerly in the Tankerville collection, is
here added a figiu-e of a smaller one in finer condition
collected at Benguela by Dr. Tarns.

For Species 3 see Plate IV.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella neglecta. Fiss. testa ovatd, antice atte-
nuutd, medio postice levatd, radiatim costata, costis ru-
gosis, incequalibns, obsolete nodosis, summitatem versus
eximie cancellatis, tnargine basali bifide crenulato, ori-
Jicio oblongo-ovato, lateribns mdicoarctato ; cinerascente,
fasciis concentricis nigricantibtis radiisgue oUvaceis
subobscuris variegatd.

The neglected Fissurella. Shell ovate, attenuated
anterioriy, raised posteriorly in the middle, radiately
ribbed, ribs rugged and unequal, obsoletely nodose,
delicately cancellated towards the summit, basal
margin creuidated in a bifid manner, orifice oblong-
ovate, slightly contracted at the sides ; pale ash colour,
somewhat obscurely variegated with blackish con-
centric bands and olive rays.

August, 1819.

FISSUEELLA— Plate I.

Deshayes, Enc. Meth. vers, vol. ii. p. 138. Anim. sans
vert. vol. vii. p. 601.
Fissurella Mediterranean Gray.
Hab. Mediterranean.

The shell in this species is lilted up in the centre behind
the orifice, which is situated on the anterior declining
slope, and has a corresponding depression in the interior.
About twenty of the radiating ridges are more prominent
than the rest, and the basal margin is finely crenulated in
a bifid manner.

Until the species was distinguished by M. Deshayes, in
the Encyclopedie Methodique, it was probably confounded
with the T. Orecca.

Species 4. (Mas. Cuming.)
Fissurella crassa. Fiss. testa oblongo-ovatd, depresso-
convexd, ad utrmnque latus ^ubattenuatd, crassa, con-
centrice rude striata, margine inaquali, orificio oblomjo,
limbo 'peculiariter excavato, lateribus valde coarctatis,
quasi dentatis; flavido-fitscd, obscure nigricante radiatd,
intus cornigatd et palliSe rosacea.

The thick Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, deeply con-
vex, slightly attenuated at tbe sides, thick, concen-
trically rudely striated, uneven at the margin, orifice
oblong, peculiarly excavated round the edge, very
much contracted at the sides, as if toothed ; yellowish
brown, obscm-ely rayed with black, wrinkled and
pinkish in the interior.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. 7. p. 592.
Fissurella clypeiformis, Sowerby.
An eadem ? F. depressa, Lamarck.

Hab. Valparaiso (on rocks at low water) ; Cuming.
M. Deshayes has some doubt of this being Lamarck's

F. crassa, but it answers with remarkable accuracy to his

description of that species.

Species 5. (Mus. Cimiing.)

Fissurella lata. Fiss. testd orbicidari-ovatd, antice vix
atlenuatd, elevatiusculd, radiatim obtuse liratd, liris
inaqualiter nodosis, orificio parvo, lateribus subexca-
vato ; olivaceo-cineras'cente, intense ptirpureo-roseo ra-
diatd.

The broad Fissurella. Shell orbicularly ovate, very
slightly attenuated anteriorly, rather elevated, radiately
obtusely ridged, ridges unequally nodose, orifice small,
a little excavated at the sides ; olive-ash, rayed with
dark piu'ple-rose.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834., p. 124. Conch. Illus. f. 63.

Hah. Island of St. Mary, Chili, (in exposed places on the
rocks at low water) ; Cuming.

This approaches rather to the F. maxima than to F.
picta, with which Ml". Sowerby compares it, but may be
readily distinguished from either.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella picta. Fiss. testd omtd, elevatiusculd, ra-
diatim liratd, liris rudibus angustis, interdum nodosis,
iuterdum fere obsoletis, orificio oblongo-ovato, suban-
g/isto, lateribus vix excavatis ; cinerascente-albd, pur-
pureo-mgro Uneari-radiatd, circa aperturam cretaceo-
albd.

The painted Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather elevated,
radiately ridged, ridges rude, narrow, sometimes
nodose, sometimes almost obsolete, orifice oblong-
ovate, rather narrow, sides slightly excavated ; ash-
white, radiated with lines of purple-black, chalk-white
around the aperture.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. 7. p. 590.
Patella picta, Gmelin.

Hah. Strait of ILigalhaens ; Falkland Islands.

It is not improbable that two or three species have been
referred by diS'erent authors to the Patella picta of Gmelin.
Lamarck's description of its purple-violet colouring may
have been taken fi'om a worn specimen, to which the rich
dark painting of the specimen here represented would no
doubt have turned upon exposm-e to the weather.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella Darwinii. Fhs. testd ovatd, antice subat-
tenuatd, tenuiculd, infra summitatem leviter compressd,
radiatim liratd, liris tenuibus, creiris, subundatis,
orificio oblongo-ovali ; superne alba, basin versus
intense cinered, nigra Uneari-radiatd, fasciis albis aut
perpaucis aut pluribus radiatd.

Darwin's Fissurella. Shell ovate, a little attenuated
anteriorly, rather thin, slightly compressed below the
summit, radiately ridged, ridges thin, close-set,
slightly waved, orifice oblong-oval ; white at the
upper part, dark ash towards the base, radiated with
black lines, and more or less with white bands.

Hah. Straits of Magalhaens ; Darwin.

An interestiug new species of which several specimens
were collected by Mr. Darwin in the above-named locality.

Ju..yun//a . /VJL.

FISSURELLA

Kg. 8.
Au interesting variety of Sp. 3. F. neglecta, in which the
shell is delicately tinged with pink in the absence of the
olive-sTeen colouring.

For Sp.

PI. IV.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA PHLCIIRA. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, aniice
attennntd, crassiusculd, convexo-clepressd, conceidrice
tenuistriatd, orificio oblongo, lateribus medio excava-
th; pwrpnreo-cinerascente, purpweo-rvfo circa ori-
ficium lentiginosd, radiis ntfo-purpureis subolscure
pictd.

The beautiful Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, at-
tenuated anteriorly, rather thick, convexly depressed,
conceutrically finely striated, aperture oblong, sides
excavated about the middle ; pui-ple-ash, spotted
with purple-red around the orifice, and obscurely
painted with rays of the same colour.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 124.

Hab. Valparaiso (on the rocks) ; Cuming.

The pui^ple-red fi-eckled painting around the orifice is a
very characteristic featm-c in this species.

Although the two specimens figured present such a
difl'erent aspect, they are varieties of the same species.

Species 10. (Fig. 10 and 12, Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella limbata. Fiss. tesid oblongo-ovatd, aniice
vix attermatd, depressiusctdd, laleribm interdum pau-
lulum compressd, lavigatd, lineis concentricis incrementi
plus minusve distinctis, orificio oblongo, lateribus medio
subcoarctatis;cinerascente-albd,purpureo-roseoradiatd,
interdum purpureo-carned, obscure radiatd, nigro circa
aperturam tinctd, limbo lasalipurpureo-nigro.

The margined Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, slightly
attenuated anteriorly, rather depressed, sometimes a
little compressed at the sides, smooth, concentric
Hnes of gi'owth more or less distinct, orifice oblong,
sides slightly contracted in the middle ; ash-white,
rayed with purple-rose, sometimes purple-flesh colour
stained with black around the aperture, basal margin
pm-ple-black.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 133.

Hab. Valparaiso (on the rocks) ; Cuming.

Autrust.

Species 11. (Mus. Cumiug.)

Fissurella mora. Fiss. testd ovali, elevatiiisculd,
crassd, conceiitrice striatd, liris obsoletis radiatd, ori-
ficio ovali, margine excavato ; purpureo-nigrd, fascvis
concentricis, lineisque numerosissimis subtilibus radian-
tibus, saturati tiiictd, Umbo basali cinerascente.

The black Fissurella. Shell oval, rather elevated,
thick, concentrically striated, and radiated with ob-
solete ridges, orifice oval, with the edge excavated ;
purple-black, stained with dark concentric bands and
numerous fine radiating lines, basal margin pale-ash.

Lesson, Voy. de la CoquQle, p. 412.
Fissurella violacea, Eschscholtz.
Fissurella graudis, Sowerby.

Hab. Valparaiso and Island of Chiloe (attached to the
under surface of stones on the shore) ; Cumiug.

The colouring of this fine species is of a purplish inky
hue, nearly black.

For Species li

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella oriens. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, depres-
siusculd, radiatim mnltiliratd, liris angustis, crebris,
subobscuris, orificio oblongo, lateribics medio excavatis ;
cinerascente, purpureo-nigro radiatd.
The rising sun Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate,
rather depressed, radiately many-ridged, ridges
narrow, close-set, rather obsciu'c, orifice oblong, sides
excavated in the middle ; pale ash, rayed with purple-
black.
SowEEBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 124.
Hab. Valparaiso (attached to rocks) ; Cuming.

This species approaches certain varieties of the F. lim-
bata in general aspect, but may be readily distinguished
by its more depressed growth, and obscure sculpture of
ridges ; and the orifice is broader.

M. D'Orbigny very erroneously quotes this as a syuo-
nyme of F.picta.

1849.

FISSURELLA.— Plate II.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA cosTATA. Fiss. testd suborbiculari-ovatd,
antice attenuata, radiatim rugoso-lirata, liris obtuse
nodosis, orijieio parviuseulo, oblongo, lateribus medio
paululum excavatk ; Jlavido-cinerascente,fusco-olwaceo
radiata.

The kibbed Fissurella. Shell somewhat orbicularly
ovate, attenuated anteriorly, radiately roughly ridged,
ridges obtusely nodose, orifice rather small, oblong.

sides a little excavated in the middle ; yellowish-ash,

rayed with brownish-olive.
Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 410 ; Illus. Zool. pi. 12.

Ihmrella Cldlemis, Sowerby.

An eadem ? Fissurella rudis, Deshayes.
Hab. Valpai'aiso (in exposed situations on the rocks at low

water); Cuming.
The orifice inclines somewhat anteriorly in this species.
It is vei-y abundant on the coast of Chdi.

Fhs-suriilfi.fi.M.

^

FISSURELLA.

Pla

15. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA Natalensis. Fiss. testa oUongo-ovata, an-
tice aitemiatd, subcompressd, radiathn costatd, costls
ituequalibm, auhohsolete nodosis, orificio oblongo, sub-
angnslo, lateribus medio paululum excavatu ; albidd,
radiis vi.oluceo-n/ffricantibus pictd.

The Natal Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, attenuated
anteriorly, rather compressed, radiately ribbed, ribs
uneven and rugged, somewhat obsoletely nodose,
orifice oblong, rather narrow, sides a little excavated
in the middle ; whitish, painted with violet-black
rays.

Krauss, Sudafrick. Moll. p. 60. pi. 4. i'. 8.

Hab. Port Natal, South Africa.

The concentric lines of growth have very mucli the

appearance, here and there, of festooned ridges. The

species is frequently of a rather darker greyish or greenish

hue than the specimen here represented.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)
FissuRELLA Bkidgesii. Fiss. testd ovaid, antice sub-
atleimatd, crassiusculd, depressd, concentrice subt'dis-
sime striata, orificio oblongo, latiicsculo, lateribus me-
dio excavatis ; fmco-purpiireo et cinereo-nigricante con-
centrice fasciutd, obscure albiradiatd, margine basali
latissimo, purpurea.
Bridges' Pissurella. Shell ovate, slightly attenuated
anteriorly, rather thick, depressed, concentrically
very finely striated, orifice oblong, rather wide, sides
excavated in the middle ; concentrically banded with
brownish purple and ashy black, obsem-ely white-
rayed, basal margin very broad, purple.
Hab. Quintero, Chili (on the rocks) ; Bridges.

This fine species approaches the F. latimarginata in
general aspect, but will be found to difi'er materially on
comparison. It is of thicker growth, not radiately striated,
the orifice diifers in being larger and excavated at the
sides, and the painting is of a lighter purple-ash.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)
FissuRELLA CUMINGII. Fiss. testd ovatd, antice atlenuatd,
depressd, radiatim costatd, costis obtusis, incequalibus,
obscure squamato-iiodosis ; purpurascente-cinered etfer-

III.

rugined, intense purpurea radiatd, circa orificium alba,
obscure sparshn, punctata, margine basali latissimo,
fulvo-cinerascente, purpurea maculatd.
Cuming',s Pissurella. Shell ovate, attenuated an-
teriorly, depressed, radiately ribbed, ribs obtuse,
unequal, obscurely squamately nodose ; purple-ash
or rust-colour, rayed with deep purple, white around
the orifice, sprinkled with a few obsem'e dots, basal
margin veiy broad, fulvous ash, blotched with purple.
Hah. Quintero, ChUi; Bridges.

Another interesting new species, collected by Mr.
Bridges in the same locality with the preceding, in which
the coloured margin of the base is as broad as in the
F. latimarginata. I have the pleasure of naming it after
Mr. Cuming in honour of his productive researches in
this genus along the Western Const of South America,
which have been so successfully followed up by Mr.
Brido-es.

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)

Pissurella crenulata. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, sub-
irregulari, depresso-convexd, radiatim subtiliter et cre-
berrinie liratd, liris transversim sttbtilissinie obsolete
squamato-striatis, orificio amplo, subordiculari, margine
basali crenulato ; rosaceo-fulvd.

The crenulated Pissurella. Shell oblong-ovate,
somewhat irregular, deeply convex, radiately finely
and very closely ridged, ridges transversely very finely
striated with obsolete scales, orifice large, nearly
orbicular, basal margin crenulated ; pinkish fulvous-
colour.

SowEKBY, TankerviUe Catalogue, App. p. vi.

Hab. Monterey, Upper California.

This remarkable species stands alone, no other having

been (bscovered with which it would profit to constitute

any comparison.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)

Pissurella latimarginata. Fiss. testd ovatd, antice
attenuatd, depressd, medio elevatiusculd, radiatim multi-
striatd, orificio oblongo-ooato ; intense purpureo-hrunneo,
margine basali latissimo, purpureo-brunneo.

The wide-edged Pissurella. Shell ovate, attenuated

FISSURELLA.— Plate III.

anteriorly, depressed, rather elevated iu the middle,
radiately mauy-striated, orifice oblong-ovate; very
dark purple-brown, basal margin very broad, purple-
brown.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 126. Conch. Illus. f. 69.

Hai. Valparaiso and Iquiqui, Peru (on the rocks) ;
Cuming.

Distinguished by its deep pm-ple-brown or chocolate
colouring, and broad dark-coloured base.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)

PissuRELLA BIKADIATA. Fks. testd ovatd, antice acumi-
imto-attenuatd, depressd, medio elevatiusculd, radiatim
profuse striata, striis tumidimculis, orificio oblongo,
lateribus medio coarctatis; intense cinereo-purpured,
radiis pallidis, quorum uno ad utrumque latus magis
conspicuo, obscure notatd, inargine basali latiusculo,
intense cinereo-purpureo.

The two-rayed Fissurella. Shell ovate, acuminately
attenuated anteriorly, depressed, rather elevated in the
middle, radiately profusely striated, striae somewhat
swollen, orifice oblong, sides contracted in the middle ;
dark ash-purple, obscurely marked with light rays,
one of which on each side is more conspicuous than

the rest, basal margin rather broad, very dark ash-
purple.

Prembly, Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 18.34, p. 124.

Eab. Valparaiso and Iquiqui, Peru (under stones on the
shore) ; Cuming.

The rays of this species are very obscure, with the ex-
ception of one on each side diverging from the denticu-
lated edge of the orifice.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)

PissuEELLA BELLA. Fiss. testd depresso-convexS, medio
elevatiusculd, antice acuminato-attenuatd, radiatim ob-
scure sulcata, margine basali angusto ; cinereo-fuscd,
saturate et pallide alternatim concentrici: fascial a, pur-
pureo-lacco vivide radiatd.

The pretty Pissurella. Shell deeply convex, rather
elevated in the middle, acuminately attenuated an-
teriorly, radiately obscui-ely gi'ooved, basal margin
naiTOW, orifice oblong ; ash-brown, banded concen-
trically alternately lighter and darker, rayed with
bright crimson lake.

Hab. Cape Horn ; Darwin.

A comparatively smooth species, conspicuously painted

with thirteen pm'ple-lake rays.

Fi.s-sufell^i.Fl.JF.

,-1

FISSURELLA

Species 2. (Mus. Ciuning.)

FissURELLA VOLCANO. Flss. iestd ovato-conkd, ui/tice
vix attenuatd, radiaiim costaid, costis rndibus, inaqua-
Ubiis, Ilk illic majoribus, orifieio oblongo ; albidd, rosea
radiatd, radiis nigropimctatk, interdum rosed, pur-
pureo-radmtd, circa oHJickm nigropnnctatd.

The volcano Fissurella. Shell ovately conical, slightly
attenuated, anteriorly rather thick, radiately ribbed,
ribs rude, uneven, here and there larger, orifice ob-
long ; whitish, rayed with rose, rays dotted with
black, sometimes rose, rayed with purple, black-
dotted around the orifice.

Hab. Santa Barbara, California ; Hinds.

An elevated conical shell varying somewhat in colour,
but similarly designed, collected by Capt. Sir Edward
Belcher, and his assistant-surgeon Mr. Iliuds, during the
voyage of the Sulphur.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)

FiSSURELLA NIGROPUNCTATA. FisS. tc'S/d OVatd, SubcOllicd,

ci'assd, radiaiim costatd, costis rudibus, iiiaqualibus, sub-
acutis, margine basali acute C7-emdato, orifieio oblongo,
lateribus coarctato ; viresceuie-albd, interrnpte intettse
antliracind.

The black-dotted Fissurella. SheU ovate, somewhat
conical, thick, radiately ribbed, ribs rude, uneven,
rather sharp, basal margin sharply crenulated, orifice
oblong, contracted at the sides; greenish-white, ribs
painted in an interrupted manner with very dark
coal-black.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834. p. 125.

Hab. GaUapagos and Lobos Island, (under stones on the
shore) ; Cuming.

The interior of the shell is also of a sea-green colour,
and it is mostly eroded on the outside in the vicinity of
the orifice.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella vieescens. liss. testa ovatd, elevatiusculd,
radiatiiii costatd, costis subinaqualibus, basin versus
tumidiuscidus, orifieio late oblongo, medio paulidmn
coarctato; Cfprnlescente-viridi, circa orificium albidd,
rosea sparsim tiiicld, iidiis virescente.

August.

The greenish Fissurella. ShcU ovate, rather elevated,
radiately ribbed, ribs somewhat uneven, rather
swollen towards the base, orifice broadly oblong, a
little contracted in the middle ; bluish-green, white
around the orifice, sparingly pink-stained, interior
greenish.
Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 12.5.
Ilab. Panama (in exposed situations on rocks at low
water) ; Cuming.
The orifice is rather broad in this species, and charac-
terised by a small denticular contraction on each side.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella maxima. Fiss. testd ovatd, depressiuscidd,
crassd, radudim liratd, liris submdosis, estate swbobso-
letis, margine basali wudulato, orifieio rotundato-ovato ;
virescente-albd aidfidvescente, purpureo-lacca conspicite
radiatd.

The very large Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather de-
pressed, thick, radiately ridged, ridges slightly no-
dose, somewhat obsolete with age, basal margin
undulated, orifice rotundately ovate ; greenish-white
or light fulvous, conspicuously rayed with purple-
lake.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 133.

Hab. Valparaiso (on exposed rocks and under stones at
low water) ; Cuming.

In addition to the magnificent specimen here figured
from Valparaiso, Mr. Cuming possesses one of smaller size
from Cape Horn, in which the radiating ridges are more
l)roniinently developed and obscurely noduled.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella Barbadensis. Fiss. testa ahlongo-ovald,
subconicd, lateribus interdum siibcompressd, radiaiim
costatd, costis iiKequalibus, acutiusculis, squamoso-
asperis, decern ad duodecim prominentioribus, orficio
suborbiculari ; hdescente-albd, maculis irregularibus
nigris radiatd, interdimi rosed, intns virescente.

The Barbadoes Fissurella. SheU oblong-ovate, rather
conical, sometimes a little compressed at the sides,
radiately ribbed, ribs uneven, rather sharp, bristled
with scales, ten to twelve ribs more prominent than

1849.

PISSUKELLA.— Plate IV.

the rest, oritice nearly orbicular ; yellowish-white,

rayed with ii-regular black spots, sometimes pinkish,

interior greenish.
Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vii. p. 595.

Patella Barbadmsis, Gmelin.
Hab. West Indies.

This is the ordiuaiy type of the species, which is ex-
tremely variable in colour, sometimes rose or pm'ple.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)
FissuKELLA NODOSA. Fus. testd ovato-conicd, latmbiis

sttbcompressd, radiatim costatd, costis squamato-nodosis,

nodis conspicuis, valde elevatis, orifieio oblongo, latius-

ciilo, medio coarctato ; virescerde-albd.
The nodose Pisshkella. Shell ovately conical, a little

compressed at the sides, radiately ribbed, ribs squa-

mately nodose, nodides conspicuous, very elevated,

orifice oblong, contracted in the midfUe ; greenish-

wliite.
Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vii. p. 593.

Patella nodosa. Born.

Patella spinosa, Gmelin.

Patella Jamaicemis, Gmelin.

Hab. West ImUes.

Readily to be distinguished from all other species of
the genus by its very prominent erect squamate nodules.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA viridula. Fiss. testd ovatd, siibconicd, an-
tice ittclinatd, costis subrvdibns lirisque obsolete iiodu-
losis radiatd, interstitiis in adolescentid canceUatis,
orifieio oblongo, medio coarctato, margine basali crenu-
lato ; viridi, costis albis, orificii Umbo caruleo.

The GREEN Fissubella. Shell ovate, rather conical, in-
clined anteriorly, rayed with somewhat rude obscurely
noduled ribs and ridges, insterstices in the young
shell caneeUated, orifice oblong, contracted in the
middle, basal edge crenulatetl ; green, ribs white,
edge of the orifice blue.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.)vol.vii. p. 596.
Testa juveuis. Fissnrella bicolor, Adams.

Hab. Nevis, West Indies (attached to stones) ; Power.

The scidpture of this species, which in the young state
is noduled and finely cancellated, becomes nearly oblite-
rated with age.

Fissiire7lM.n.r.

%

u

\#fy

^^^

\

m\

E. B. fc H-imj.

FISSURELLA.

Plate V.

Species 26. (Fig. a, h, c, d, Mus. Cuming.)
FissuRELLA Peruviana. I'm. testdovata, antice attenu-
ata, elevatiuscula, interdum conicd, radiatim liratd,
liris sqiiamato-nodosis, interdum obsoletis, orifieio ovato,
parvo ; albidd, aut vivide rosed, aut purpureo-fusces-
cente, fmco vel purpnreo-nigricante radiatd, et circa
orijicimn eximii lentiginosd.
The PERUVIAN Fissurella. SheU ovate, attenuated
anteriorly, rather elevated, sometimes conical, ra-
diately ridged, ridges squamately nodose, sometimes
obsolete, orifice ovate, small ; whitish or bright rose,
or light purple brown, rayed with brown or purple-
black, and delicately freckled around the orifice.
Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.)vol. vii. p. .599.
Fissurella affinis. Gray, Sowerby.
Fissurella subrotunda, Deshayes.
Hab. Lobos Island, Valparaiso and Iquiqui, Peru ; Cuming.
So variable is this species in colouring it is almost in
vain to describe it, yet there is a marked affinity of design
in all the varieties, four- of which are selected for illus-
tration.

Species 27. (Mus. Cimiing.)

Fissurella alabastrites. Piss, testa ovatd, depresso-
conicd, radiatim costatd, costis incequalibus, subamplis,
orifieio oblongo, latimeulo, medio subcoarctato ; alid,
lined intense canded circa ori/icium iittiis e.vtusrjue,
orificii limbo virescente.

The ALABASTER FissuRELLA. SheU ovate, depressly
conical, radiately ribbed, ribs uneven, rather large,
orifice oblong, rather broad, slightly contracted in
the middle ; wliite, with a dai-k blue Hue around the
orifice within and without, edge of the orifice
greenish.

Hab. Cape de Verd Islands.

A pure white rudely ribbed shell, in which the orifice is

large, and of a pale sea-gi-een colour around the edge,

bordered by a very deep indigo blue hne.

The owl-eyed Fissurella. Shell ovate, depressed,
conical, radiately ribbed, ribs rather flattened, ob-
soletely nodose, with a smaU intermediate ridge,
oi-ifice small, oval ; white, edge of the orifice deep
indigo blue.
Hab. Cape de Verd Islands.

The similarity between this and the preceding species,
both from the same locality, is remarkable ; yet they differ
materially in the shape and size of the dorsal orifice, and
]Mi-. Cuming possesses several specimens of both, without
any intermediate modification of a character which appears
to be always constant in the same species.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella glaucopis. Fiss. testa ovatd, depresso-
conicd, radiatim costatd, costis subplanatis, obsolete
nodosis, lird pared intermedia, orifieio parvo, ovali ;
albd, orificii Umbo intense caruleo.

August

Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella nimbosa. Fiss. testd ovatd, elevatd, declivi-

conicd, radiatim liratd, liris incequalibm, orifieio oh-

loncjo, 7/iedio coarctato ; virescente-albd, nigricante-

viridi radiatd.
The rainy Fissurella. Shell ovate, elevated, steeply

conical, radiately ridged, ridges uneven, orifice oblong

contracted in the middle ; greenish-white, rayed with

very dark green.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vii. p. 591.

Patella nimbosa, Linnaeus.
Hall. West Indies. Venezuela ; Dyson.

The coloming of this species varies from brown to gi-een.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella aspera. Fiss. testd ovatd, subconicd, antice
inclinatd, creherrime radiatim costellatd, costellis liris
cottcentricis squamatis eximie clathratis, orifieio sub-
orbicidari ; fidvo-dnered, liris cinereo-nigris.

The rough Fissurella. Shell ovate, somewhat co-
nical, inclined anteriorly, veiy closely radiately ribbed,
ribs dehcately latticed with concentric squamate
ridges, orifice nearly orbicidar ; light fulvous ash,
ridges cinder-black.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834. p. 127.

Hah. Pacosmayo, Peru.

Delicately sculptured, the transverse ridges passing

over radiating ones in squamate festoons.

FISSURELLA.— Plate V.

Species 31. (Mus. Ciuning.)
FissuRELLA MACEOTEEMA. Fiss. testd ovatd, interdum
elevatiusculd, radiatim striato-sulcatd, orificio elongato-
oblongo, medio coarctato ; virescente, rufo, fusco, vel
g purpureo-niffro radiatd, inius virescente.
The long-slit Fissurella. Shell ovate, sometimes
rather elevated, radiately striately gi-ooved, orifice
elongately oblong, contracted in the middle ; greenish,
rayed with red, brown, or purple black, interior pale
green.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1834. p. 125.
Hab. Gallapagos Islands ; Cuming.

Exceedingly vaiiable in coloming, but with always more
or less of red and green.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella coarctata. Fiss. testd ovatd, antici atte-
nuatd, radiatim creberrime striata, orificio oblongo,
medio valde coarctato ; virescente-albd, circa orificium
lineis niffris creberrime radiatd.

The contracted Fissurella, Shell ovate, attenuated
anteriorly, radiately very closely striated, orifice
oblong, very much contracted in the middle ; greenish
white, veiy closely rayed with black lines around the
orifice.

King, Zoological Joum. vol. v. p. 339.

Hub. Benguela, West Afiica.

The chief peculiaiuty of this species consists in the
orifice being more than usually contracted on each side.
The painting is also peculiar.

Fmiirdla.Tl.n.

,<iav

31

i>B £ iel etTiflx.

FISSURELLA

Species 33. (llus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA SCUTELLA. Fiss, testd trapeziformi-ovatd,
valdi depressd, lateribus medio subcompressis, extremi-
tatibus levatiusculis, concentrice elevato-striatd, inter-
ditiis incisis, orificio oblongo, suhamplo ; spadiceo-albd,
purpureo-fuicescente radiatd.

The little platter Fissurella. Shell trapeziformly
ovate, veiy depressed, sides slightly compressed in
the middle, extremities a little lifted, concentrically
elevately striated, interstices engraved, orifice oblong,
rather large; fawn white, rayed with light purple-
brown.

Gray, Brit. Mus., Sowerby, Cat. FUsurella, No. 42. Conch.
Illus. f. 34.
Fissurella trapezina, Sowerby (Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834).

Hah. Eaines' Island, Torres Straits ; luce.

A singular little broad flatted species ivith a rather large

orifice.

Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella sagittata. Fis^. tedd ovatd, depressiiiscuM,
lateribus subcompressd, radiatim sulcata, orificio oblongo,
vivide rosaceo et albo radiatd, radiis albis punctis ni-
gricautibus sagitlatis notatis.

The arrow-marked Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather
depressed, a little compressed at the sides, radiately
grooved, orifice oblong ; rayed with bright pink and
white, the white rays being marked with blackish
arrow-head dots.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

A pretty piuk-rayed shell in which the uncoloured
interstitial rays are marked with dark arrow-head spots.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella dubia. Fiss. testd ovatd, antice attenmtd,
depressd, radiatim costatd, liris tenuibus concentricis
numerosis flmbriatd, orificio oblongo, latiuscido, medio
coarctato ,- oUvaceo-cinereo irregulariter tincid et ra-
diatd.

The doubtful Fissurella. Shell ovate, attenuated
anteriorly, depressed, radiately ribbed, and frilled
with numerous fine concentric ridges, orifice oblong,
August

rather broad, contracted in tlie middle ; irregidarly
stained and variegated with olive-ash.
W. Port Natal.

Very closely allied to F. Natalensis, but of much more
growth.

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella hiantula. Fiss. testd ovatd, lateribus jiecu-
liariter compressd, extremitatibus levatis, radiatim ru-
goso-liratd, interstitiis subobsolete cancellatis, orificio
amplo, oblongo, latitisculo ; albidd, pallide spadiceo
trnctd, cinereo-nigricante prope vMrginem subobscuri
radiatd.

The gaping Fissurella. SheU ovate, peculiarly com-
pressed at the sides with the extremities lifted up,
radiately roughly ridged, interstices somewhat obso-
letely cancellated, orifice large, oblong, rather broad ;
whitish, stained with light fawn colom-, rather ob-
scuj-ely rayed near the margin with ashy-black.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.)vol. vii. p. 597.
Fimtrella Javanicensis, Soweri)y (not of Lamarck.)

Hab. Cape of Good Hope ; Hannah.

There can be little doubt, as suggested by M. Deshaves,

that tills species, which 1VL-. Sowerby assigns to Lamarck's

F. Javanicensis, belongs to F. hiantula of the same author,

and not that which is figured for it in the Conchological

Illustrations.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella nigra. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, antice sub-
atfenuatd, depressd, lateribus si(bcompressd, radiatim
costatd et liratd, costis liris jue rugosis, subacutis, striis
concentricis clathratis, orificio oblongo; purpiireo-
iiigrd, orificii limbo albo.

The black Fissurella. SheU oblong-ovate, slightly
attenuated anteriorly, depressed, a little compressed
at the sides, radiately ribbed and ridged, ribs and
ridges rugose, rather shai-p, latticed with concentric
strife, orifice oblong ; purple-black, edge of the orifice
white.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Fissurella, pi. 3. f 2.

Hab. Southern Chib.

The colouring becomes shghtlv mottled at the basal
edge.

FISSUEELLA— Plate VI.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuEELLA GKISEA. Fiss. testd ovata, depressiusculd,
lavigatd, lineis concentrkis incrementi subirregulariius,
orificio parviuscttlo, ohlongo ; cinereo-grised, bMin
versus violaced, obscure radiatd.

The geey Fissueella. Shell ovate, rather depressed,
smooth, concentric lines of growth somewhat In-egular,
orifice rather small, oblong, ash gi-ey, violet towards
the base, obscurely rayed.

Hah ?

This species has no sculpture to characterise it, but the

colouring is peculiar.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissueella apeeta. Fiss. testd uvatd, crassd, depressius-
culd, concentrice creberrime elevato-striatd, interstitm
incisis, orificio ovato, peramplo ; violaceo-cimrascente,
violaceo-nigricante irregulariter radiatd, basi albi-mar-
ginatd.

The open Fissueella. Shell ovate, thick, rather de-
pressed, concentrically very closely elevately striated,
interstices engi-aved, orifice ovate, very large; pale
violet ash, rayed irregularly with violet-black, edged
with white at the base.

SowEEBY, Tankerville Catalogue, App. p. vi. Conch. Illus.
f. 10. (sub nom. F. Idautula).
Pupillaa aperta, Gray.
Fissurellidea megairema, D'Orbigny.

Hab. Ensenada de Kos, Coast of Patagonia ; D'Orbigny.

Notwithstanding that Lamarck refers to Bom's vignette
of this species for his F. hiantula, it is certainly distinct
from that which served for his description. Lamarck's
F. hiantula is the species which Mi'. Sowerby assigns to
F. Javanicauis, and is well characterised by the remark : —
" etant posee sur son ouverture, elle ne s'appuie que sur
ses deux cotes."

Mr. Sowerby's original view of this species appears to
be the conect one ; and his remark that " the depressed
white margin is probably caused by the mantle of the
animal overlapping the edge of the shell " is confirmed by
M. D'Orbigny's figiu-e. Voyage dans I'Amer. Merid. Moll.
pi. 63. showing that the animal is of very large size, with
the shell only occupying a small portion of the back, into
the flesh of which it is imbedded to the depth of the
uncolom'ed edge.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissueella Mexicana. Fiss. testd oblomjo-omtd, de-
pressd, lateribm compressiuseuld, radiatim sulcatd, liris
hitermediis incrementi lineis concentricis decussatis,
orificio oblongo, latiusculo, medio subcontracto ; pur-
piireo-rufd, suhobscure nigro radiatd, albd circa orifi-
ciiim.

TuE Mexican Fissueella Shell oblong ovate, de-
pressed, a little compressed at the sides, radiately
grooved, intermediate ridges decussated with concen-
tric lines of increase, orifice oblong, rather broad,
slightly contracted in the middle ; purple red, some-
what obscurely rayed with black, white round the
orifice.

Sowerby, Conch, nius. Fissurella, Cat. p. 8. no. 07. f. 61.

Hab. Real Llejos, Mexico ; Cuming.

The orifice of this species is characterised e.vternaUy by a
very decided white border.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissueella nigkita. Fiss. testd ovatd, depressiusculd,
lateribus compressd, extremitatibus levatd, radiatim-
subtiliter liratd, concentrice striatd, orificio ovali, per-
amplo ; intense cinereo-fuscd, obscurl nigro radiatd.

The dingy Fissueella. Shell ovate, rather depressed,
compressed at the sides, lifted at the extremities, ra-
diately finely ridged, concentrically striated, orifice
oval, very large ; dark ash brown, obscurely black-
rayed.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 137.

IM. ?

Closely allied to F. hiantula, but the orifice is larger

and not contracted at the sides.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissueella fulvescens. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, au-
tice sttbattenuatd, depressd, subtilissime radiatim et
concentrice striatd, orificio oblongo ; vivid} fulvd, lacco
pulcherrim£ radiatd.

The fulvous Fissueella. Shell oblong-ovate, slightly
attenuated anteriorly, depressed, very finely radiately
and concentrically striated, orifice oblong ; bright
yellow, beautifully rayed with lake.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 137.

Hab. Valparaiso (under stones on the shore) ; Cuming.
From the bright yellow colouring of this shell, the rays

have very much the appearance of sun-beams.

TCssureH^/TLW.

•

""■o^gw^'

f.

•

FISSURELLA.

Plate VII.

Species 43. (Fig. a and h, Miis. Cuming.)

FissURELLA MUTABiLis. Yisn. testd ovald, anfici^ sid-
aiienuatd, medio elcvatd, laUribus subcompressd, ra-
diatim mpresso-striatis, siriis concentrieis demssatd,
orificio ohlongo-ovato ; cinered ant virescente, interdicui
roseo-radialdy radid miicd aUncanle phm minus obscurd
utringne notatd.

The changeable FisstiB,ELi,A. Shell ovate, somewhat
attenuated anteriorly, elevated in the middle, a little
compressed at the sides, radiately inipressly striated,
crossed with concentric strife, orifice oblong-ovate ;
ash-colour or greenish, sometimes rayed with pink,
and marked on both sides with a more or less obscure
whitish ray.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1831., p. 120; Conch, lllus.
f. 07, 70.

Hah. Cape of Good Hope.

Of rather compressed growth, variously coloured, but
mostly characterized by a white ray on cither side of the
orifice.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)

FiSSURELLA MICROTEEMA. i^M.S. tedd ornlil, ini/in- sit/j-
atleiuiatd, depressiiiscidd, riiyosd, radialiui liiui'iliroid,
liris nonmdVm suhproiniiicntibiis, orijiciu iii'niiilo ; fiiacd,
maculis perpaucis albidis aspersd, liris purpiireo-riifis,
circa orificium nigricante-viridi, intus vh-esccnte.

The SMALL SLIT Fissurella. ShcU ovate, somewhat
attenuated anteriorly, rather depressed, rough, radi-
ately thinly ridged, some of the ridges rather promi-
nent, orifice minute ; brown, sprinkled with a very
few whitish spots, ridges purple- red, dark green
around the orifice, interior gi-eenish.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 13.5 ; Conch. lUus.
f 50.

Hab. Real Llcjos, Central America (under stones at low
water) ; Cuming.
This species has little character to distinguish it beyond

the smallness of the orifice.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella Jukesii. Fiss. testd subquadrato-ovatd, an-
tice inclinatd, costis Urisqtie piilclicrriiid; sqiiamatis
radiald, iiiicrstiliis profundis, eximie rlaflirntis, ori-

ficio parvo, quadrato-ovato, margine basali bidentato ;
albicanie, snbpellucidd, intus circa orificvuni nigricante-
viridi.
Jukes' Fissurella. Shell somewhat squarely ovate,
inclined anteriorly, ribs and ridges very beautifully
squamate, radiated, interstices deep, and delicately
latticed, orifice small, squarely ovate, basal maro-iu
bidentate; whitish, somewhat transparent, very dark
gTcen around the orifice in the interior.
Hab. Coast of Australia.

The most beautifully sculptured shell I remember having
seen, rayed with numerous ribs and ridges, surmounted
with thickly-set vaulted scales, and so deeply carved in
the interstices that the ground surface is quite thin and
transparent.

Species 40. (JIus. Cuming.)

Fissurella obscuea. Fiss. testa ovatd, medio depressi-
usculd, radiatim eostatd et striatd, costis latis, obtusis,
distantibus, subcomgatis, orificio oblongo, lateribus
suhcontracto ; purjiiinv-nifrfirente, costis pallide viri-
dibus, circa <jrijinih,i niijn) lim-tis, intus virescente.

The obscuee Fissuki.li.a. Shdl ovate, slightly depressed
in the middle, radiately ribbed and striated, ribs
broad, obtuse, distant, somewhat corrugated, orifice
oblong, a little contracted at the sides ; purplish-red,
ribs light green, stained with black around the ori-
fice, interior greenish.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834; Conch. lllus. f. 37.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands (under stones at low water) :
Cuming.

The ribs of this species are rather superficial, being
little raised above the surface ; they are rather distant
from each other and have a swollen straggling ap]iearance.

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella edititia. Fiss.'testd ovatd, atitici subat-

tniiuild, nnlialnii. eoslald, n,sli, fnrlihiis, irregidarihus,
hrcrixiitiiiuiiilin, nrijirio jiiii-niiscii/o, riiltiiidaio-oratd ;
pinj)iirusi-i:iili:-njsrd el iiUid , iiiliis rirrxi't'iile.

The selected Fissurella. Shell ovate, somewhat
attenuated anteriorly, radiately ribbed, ribs strong,
ii-regular, shortly scaled, orifice rather small, rotun-
dately ovate ; purple-rose and white, interior greenish.

December, 1849.

FISSURELLA.— Plate VII.

Kaycd with strong rugose ribs, sculptured with iiTC-
gular blunted scales.

Species 48. (Mus. Cu

FissiJKELLA HoNDUKASENSls. FUs. lestil obloiigo-ovatd,
dcpressiusctdd, antici vix attenuatd, radiatim super-
fcialittr costatd, costis obtuse squamato-corrugatis, ori-
Jicio obloiigo-ovuto ; hdmcenle-albd, rufo palUde ra-
diatd, circa ori/iciiim olivaced et nigripmictaid.

The Honduras Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
depressed, but little attenuated anteriorly, radiately
superficially ribbed, ribs obtusely squamately wrin-
kled, orifice oblong-ovate ; yellowish-white, rather
faintly rayed with red, olive and black dotted around
the orifice.

Hah. Honduras ; Dyson.

This species is distinguished by the superficial wrinkled
cliaracter of the spreading ribs, and the dark oUve and
black dotted markiug around the orifice.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella pica. Fiss. iesid oblongo-ovatd, antice in-
clinatd, medio levatd, radiatim tenuiliratd, liris striis
ienuibus corrugaiis conceidricis undique eximie dectis-
satis, orijicio antico, parvo, rotundato-ovato ; cinereo-
nigrd, albo marmoratd.

The magpie Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, inclined
anteriorly, lifted in the' middle, radiately finely ridged,
ridges delicately crossed throughout with fine wrin-
kled concentric striae, orifice anterior, small, rotun-
dately ovate ; ash-black, marbled with white.

Soweeby, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 126 ; Conch. lUus.
f. 33, 33.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (on dead shells at a depth
of from six to eight fathoms) ; Cuming.

Very delicately sculptured, and marked with dark rusty
lilack and white.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)

F'issurella iN.EauALis. Fm. testd ohlongo-ovatd, antice
attmaatd et multo inclinatd, medio elevatd, lateribus
subcompressis, radiatim tenmliratd, striis concentricis
subiiliter clathratd, orijicio parviiisculo, oblongo, medio
leviter conlracto ; nigricante, circa orificium cinereo-
albicante.

The unequal Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, attenu-
ated and much inclined anteriorly, raised in the
middle, slightly compressed at the sides, radiately
thiuly ridged, finely latticed with concentric striae,
orifice rather small, oblong, a little contracted in the
middle ; rusty black, ash-white around the orifice.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 126; Conch. Illus. f.45.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands (under stones at low water) ;

The sculpture of this species approaches that of the
preceding in character, except in that the concentric sti-ise
have not the same wrinkled appearance.

Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella cancellata. Fiss. testa ovatd, depressiusculd,
radiatim costatd, costis parviusculis, numerosis, striis
concentricis, costas super nodosis, undique cancellatd,
orijicio rotundato-ovato, latiusculo ; fuscescente-alid,
punctis nigricantibus tessellalim radiatd, orijicio ceeruleo
marginato.

The cancelled Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather de-
pressed, radiately ribbed, ribs rather small, numerous,
cancellated throughout with concentric strisc, which
are nodulous upon the ribs, orifice rotundately ovate,
rather broad ; brownish white, rayed in a tessellated
manner with rusty black, orifice edged with blue.

SowERBY, Tankerville Catalogue, No. 802 ; Conch. Illus.
f.29.
Patella cancellata, Solander.
Fvraminella Soweriii, Guilding.
Liicapina elegans. Gray.

Hub. St. Vincent's, West Indies ; Guilding. Honduras;
Dyson.
Frequently of a delicate flesh-tinge, and always more

or less strongly characterized by the blue colouring of the

border of the orifice.

IiSSureUu,Tl.YIK.

1

:%

%

%

&.E,s adetiiai.

FISSURELLA.

Species 53. (Fig. a and i, Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA rusTULA. Fiss. tesld rotaiidato-elUpilcd,
plano-depressd, aiiiice subtruncatd, radiatim obtuse
codellatd, coslelUs strik concentncis elevaiiuscnlis
deciissads ; orijicio subanUco, oblongo, migusto, latcri-
bim medio excavath ; pallidi strandned, circa orificium
rosed, interdtmi roseo radiald.

The pustule Fissukella. Shell rotundately elliptic,
flatly depressed, slightly truncated anteriorly, ra-
diately obtusely ribbed, ribs decussated with slightly
raised concentric stria3 ; orifice somewhat anterior,
oblong, narrow, sides excavated in the middle ; pale
straw-colour, pink round the orifice, sometimes rayed
with pink.

Lajiarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vii. p. 597.
Patella pvstula, Linnaeus.

Hab. West Indies ; Gosse.

A peculiarly broad depressed species, faintly ribljcd and

very delicately coloured.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

FiSSURELLA OBTUSA. Fiss. tc'std Ovatd, idri/io f/rratii/.s-
ciild, radiatim corrugato-costatis, co.-itit irrriinluriliiis,
iiitersHtiis snhimpresais, aperturd parciiixriihi, uhlnnyu,
lateribus subexcavatis ; rosaceo et albo radiatd, radiia
albis august is, couspicuis, radiis rosaceis la/ioril/iis,
prope basin vircsceidibus.

The obtuse Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather elevated in
the middle, radiately ribbed in a somewhat wrinkled
manner, ribs irregular, interstices slightly impressed,
aperture rather small, oblong, with tlie sides exca-
vated ; rayed with pink and white, white rays narrow,
conspicuous, pink rays bro.ulcr, fading into light
green near the margin.

SowERBY, Conch. lUus. Cat. Fiss. p. 7. f. 59.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope ; Humphrey.

The pink colouring which forms the radiating bands of

this species, appears only in the grooves of the sculpture,

and has the appearance of fine lines.

Species 51'. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella Ruppellii. Fiss. testa oeatd, medio valdi/
elevatd, aiitici incUnald, radiatim costatd, costis ro-
Decemb

Umdalis, allernatim majoribus, interstitiis peculiariler
et compicue clathratis, ori/icio parvo, autico, quadrato-
oblongo ; fuscescente-rufd, versus orijicimn alhd, radiis
ad octo intense nigris ornatd.

Ruppell's Fissurella. Shell ovate, ranch raised in the
middle and inclined anteriorly, radiately ribbed, ribs
rounded, alternately larger, interstices peculiarly and
conspicuously latticed, orifice small, anterior, squarely
oblong ; brownish red, white towards the orifice,
ornamented with aliout eight intensely black rays.

SoAVERBV, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1831-, p. 138.

Ilab. Red Sea; RupiTell.

A very elaborately sculptured and characteristic species.

Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella ^EaUALis. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovaid, lenui-
culd, depressd, striis concentrieis et radiaulibiis, obtusis,
distantibiis, decussatd, orijicio ovato, subamplo ; cinereo-
nigricante, albiradiatd.

The EQUAL Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
thin, depressed, decussated with distant obtuse radi-
ating and concentric stria3, orifice ovate, rather large ;
ashy black, rayed with white.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 183'1, p. 137.

Hub. St. Elena, West Columbia (on dead shells at a depth
of from six to ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
Unusually thin and depressed, with a rather large orifice.

Species 5G. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella rugosa. Fiss. testd suboblongo-ovatd, antice
atteniwtd, depressd, costis octo iumidis riigosis radiafd,
interstitiis riigoso-Uratis et stria/is, hiurijine ImsuU
sin/ialo et dentato, ori/icio parciii-sviiln. iihUniijn-ia-ato ;
fused L't virescente, roseo hie iUir [imicttilii, ru.s/ix liic
illic albicantibus, iutics virescente.

The rough Fissurella. Shell somewhat oljlong-
ovate, attenuated anteriorly, depressed, rayed with
eight rough swollen ribs, interstices roughly ridged
and striated, basal margin sinuated and dentated ;
brown and greenish, here and there pink-dotted, ribs
here and there whitish, interior pale green.

SoWERBY, Conch. Illus. Cat. Fiss. p. 8. f. 5-t.

Hab. Galiapngos I^kuids (under stones at low water) ;

Cuming.
, 1849.

FISSUEELLA.— Plate VIII.

This shell is of very depressed growth, the sculpture
ving an exaggerated rough and swollen appearance.

Species 57. (Mus. Belcher.)

FissURELLA cLATHRATA. liss. testd ovatd, medio grada-
tim conico-acimimatd, radiatbn codatd, costis rotmida-
iis, lira intervenieute, Urii concentricis castas super
nodosis fortiter clathratis, margins basali dentato,
dentibus binis, orificio parviuscido, orbiad<iri ; albidd,
virescente-oUvaceo obscure radiatd, colore basin versus
satvratiore.

The latticed Fissurella. Shell ovate, gradually
conically acuminated in the middle, radiately ribbed,
libs rounded, with a ridge running between them,
strongly latticed witli concentric ridges which are
nodulous upon the ribs, basal margin toothed, teeth
in pairs, orifice rather small, orbicular, whitish, ob-
scurely rayed with greenish olive, the colour being
darker towards the base.

Hnb. China Seas.

This elaborately carved species is remarkable for its

high conical form, of which the rounded orifice is the

summit.

Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella asperella. Fiss. testd ovatd, antice subat-
tenuatd, depressiuscidd, radiatim striata et obsolete
costatd, pimctis elevaiis undique asperatd, orificio ob-
longo-ovato ; olivaceo rubroque varid, antice albi-
radiatd.

The ROUGn Fissueella. Shell ovate, somewhat attenu-
ated anteriorly, rather depressed, radiately striated
and obsoletely ribbed, roughened throughout with
raised dots, orifice oblong-ovate ; variegated with
olive and red, rayed anteriorly with white.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool.Soc. 1834, p.l27. Conch. lUus. f 71.

Ilai. Lobos Island, Peru ; Cuming.

Distinguished by a tinely roughened surface.

Species 59. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA FAScicuLARis. Fiss. testd ovatd, superne
subattenitatd, depressiuscidd, lateribus compressis, ra
diaiim costatd, costis cequalibus, rotundatis, nodulosis
prope marginem obsolete squamatis, orificio oblongo
lateribus medio exeavatis ; virescente, olivaceo fasciatd
iidcrduni albicante, costis vividi rubris.

The FASCICULATED FissURELLA. Shell ovate, slightly
attenuated anteriorly, rather depressed, compressed
at the sides, radiately ribbed, ribs equal, rounded,
nodulous, obsoletely squamate near the margin, ori-
fice oblong, sides excavated in the middle ; greenish,
banded with, olive, sometimes whitish, with the ribs
very deep red.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert, (l)eshayes' edit.) vol. vii. p. 598.

Ilab. West Indies.

This species is very closely allied to the F. pustula,
from the same locality, and they arc the only two at pre-
sent known of that particular type.

■FissurfNa.FLJX.

^\

3?rrteTic :Rc»ve,imj

F I S S U R E L LA

Species 60. (Fig. a, i, Mus. Cuming.)
FissURELLA COMFEESSA. Fiss. tcs/d ohlongo-ouitd, au-
tice atienuatd, elevatiusctdd, lalerihm subcojnpressd,
radiatim sifiamato-liratd, liris winoribus subrudibus
in iiderstUiis, orlficio ovali, parviusctdo ; carneo-rufes-
ceide aid cceruleo-viridi, vix rndiatd.
The compressed Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, at-
tenuated anteriorly, rather elevated, slightly coni-
prossed at the sides, radiately squamately ridged,
with smaller rather rude ridgos in the interstices,
orifice oval, rather small ; light tlcsh-red or bkie-
greeii, scarcely rayed.
IM. ?

The two specimens figured in tlie accompanying plate
are differently coloured, but marked by a pc'culiarity of
form and sculpture, in which thev exactly agree.

Species 61. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella olivacea. Fiu, testd ovald, mdice vix ai-
lenuald, subconicd, radia/ii/i subirregulariter rwjoso-
liratd, liris obsolete nodosis, orificio oblomjo-opido,
medio subco/dntdo ; albldd, olivaceo uilide radiidd.

The olive Fissurella. Shell ovate, scarcely attenu-
ated anteriorly, rather conical, radiately somewhat
irregularly roughly ridged, ridges obsoletely imdosc,
orifice oblong-ovate, slightly contracted in the mid-
dle ; whitish, neatly rayed with olive.

Gray, Sowerby, Conch. lUus. Fiss. Cat. p. 5. f 57.

Hab.

The olive rays are characteristic and well defined.

Species 62. (Mus. Belcher.)

Fissurella Lixcolni. Fiss. tesld ovald, medio sub-
conicd, vertice anlice leviter ihcUualo, liris radimdi-
bits compressis ai/gusUs, allernatim mnjoribus, tirisiiiie
concenlricis elcijnider clalhratd, orificio subrolmido :
albd, ciiiereo-piirpnreo irreynlariler radintd.

Lincoln's Fissurklla. Shell ovate, rather conical in
the miildle, top slightly inclined anteriorly, elegantly
latticed with narrow compressed radiating ridges,
which are aUcruatcly larger, orifice nearly round ;
white, rayed irregularly with ash-purple.

June,

Gray, Sowerby, Conch. lUus. Fiss. Cat. ]). 7. f. 1-1.
Hab. Monterey, Calilbruiti.

This interesting species, named by Mr. Gray after the
late Mr. Lincoln, from a specimen in that gentleman's
cabinet, was collected by Capt. Sir E. Belcher dming
the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur.

Species 63. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella eumata. Fiss. tesld omtd, aidici subattenuatd,
elevatiusctdd, lateribm subcompressd, radiatim tenuicos-
tatd, costis nmiierosis, subsqnamatis, confertis, margine
subacute denticulatis, vertice aidice leviter inclinato,
orijicio oblonyo-ovato, medio contracto ; albidd, olivaceo-
cinereo radiatd, circa orificimn crrrulescente.

The smoked Fissurella. Shell ovate, slightly atten-
uated anteriorly, rather elevated, a little compressed
at the sides, radiately finely ribbed, ribs numerous,
subsquaraate, close-set, rather sharply denticulated
at the margin, top slightly inclined anteriorly, orifice
oblong-ovate, contracted in the middle ; whitish, rayed
with olive-ash, bluish around the orifice.

Hab. ■ ?

The bluish colouring around the orifice of this species
is characteristic.

Species Ci. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella densiclatheata. Fiss. te%td ovatd, medio
elevatd et aidice incUnatd, liris concenlricis et radi-
antibus niidiiiiie dense clalhratd, orificio subrotundo ;
albidii unt Jhiciaude, olivaceo radiatd.

The TiiicKLY-LATTifED FissuEELLA. Shell ovatc,
elevated and inclined anteriorly in the middle,
thickly latticed throughout with radiating and con-
centric ridges, orifice nearly round ; whitish or
yellowish, rayed with olive.

Hub.'- ■ ?

A very closely latticed species, raised and iueliued
anteriorly in the middle.

Species 6o. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella funiculata. Fiss. tesld ovald, anlice alte-
nuuld, elevalo-cuntcd, vertice anlice inclinatd, lineit

FISSUUELLA.— Plate IX.

obtum concentrim et radianUbus undique creberrime
gemmato-cancellatd, orifcio sub nf undo ; albida,ferru-
gineo-oUvaceo pallide rad'nild, funicidis fusco-ol'waceo
articulatis hie illic radiatd.

; CORDED FissuRELLA. Shell ovate, attenuated
anteriorly, elevately conical, inclined anteriorly at
the top, very closely gemmately cancellated tlu-ough-
out with obtuse radiating and concentric lines, orifice

nearly round; whitish, rayed with faint olive-rust,
and here and there with cords articulated with olive-
brown.
Hub. Kurrachee, Mouth of the Indus.

The sculpture of this species is finely carved, and the
colouring is remarkable for the dark articulated cords
which radiate from the oritice.

I'^-y.y//n//a.JVJ.

^

^i

FISSURELLA

Species 00. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA Bal.\noides. Fiss. testa ovatd, anlia- siih-
atienuald, subconicd, lavigatd, radiaiim leviter sulcata,
orijicio oblongo-ovato, medio mhcontracto ; flavicanle,
i-osi'o iuterdum lliicld, olivaceo et hiteim viridl radiatd,
radii.i lii/eis satttratioribus iiotatis, virescente-albd circa
orijiciiim.

The Balanus-like Fissurella. Shell ovate, a little
attenuated anteriorly, rather conical, smooth, ra-
(liately slightly grooved, oi-ifice oblong-ovate, a little
contracted in the middle ; yellowish, sometimes
faintly tinged with rose, rayed with olive and dark
green, rays marked with lines of the colour darker,
greenish-white around the orifice.

Hah. ?

The painting of this species somewhat resembles that

of F. tiimbosa.

Species 07. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA Indusica. Fiss. testd ovatd, eleoati/iscntd,
sidicoiiicd, vertice aiitice inclinato, liris radiaid/bns
irrniiilai-ibus id coiiceiilricis undiqne subobtnse clatliratd,
orijicio oijloiujQ, iiivdiu leviter cordracto ; virescente-
albd, oliraceo-viridi radiatd.

The Indus Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather elevated,
subconical, with the top inclined anteriorly, rather
obtusely latticed throughout with concentric and
irregular radiating ridges, orifice oblong, slightly
contracted in the middle ; greenish-white, rayed with
olive-gveen.

Ilab. Kurrachee, Mouth of the Indus.

Very similar to the following well-known species of our

own shores in form, sculpture, and colouring.

Species 08. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Fissurella reticulata. Fiss. testd ovatd, subconicd,
medio leratiusculd, vertice antice inclinato, radiaiim
lirald, liris aiigustis, alternatim majoribus, lineis con-
cenlricis lamellaformibus, plus minus distantibus,
sqmmato-reticulalis, orijicio ovali, celate rolandalo ;
viresrente aid squalide albd, olivaceo-viridi liic illic
obscure radiatd.

June,

The RETICULATED FissuRELLA. Shell ovate, subconical.
slightly lifted in the middle, top inclined anteriorly,
radiately ridged, ridges narrow, alternately larger,
reticulated with more or less distant concentric
lamelliform lines, orifice oval, rounded with age ;
greenish or dirty white, obscurely rayed here and
there with olive-green.

Patella Crreeca, Peiuiant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 14 t,
pi. 89, f. 1.^3.
Patella ri-tinihiln, Dnnovan.

l' ■' ' /.v., , -uuvrby.

Eadem. Ftssarellaaperlura, Jlontagu.
Sipho radiata, Bi'own.
Hab. Britain and the Mediterranean.

So many species have been confounded together under
the common appellation of Fissurella Gr/pca, that it is
necessary the name should disappear from the nomen-
clature. D'Orbigny enumerates thi-ee species, from Peru,
Patagonia, and the West Indies, the last-named being the
F. Gro'ca of Lamarck, and the preceding species shows
how distinctly this type is represented in the East.

Species 69. (Fig. a, Mus. Metcalfe. Fig. ^, Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella Inch. Fiss. testa oblorujo-ovat/t, ieniiiciild.
medio siihroiiird, niiliiv invliiiald, radiali,ii rushitd,
costis allenniliui i.i.ijnrihn^. Iniri, rn„r,'„lnns hi,„rll„-

formibiis

nitiiVr

chit lira lis.

tuudato-ovali ; albd, costis Majoribus spiidiceis, intcr-
stitiis interdum niyripunctatis.

Inge's Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, rather tiiin.
somewhat conical in the middle, and inclined ante-
riorly, radiately ribbed, ribs alternately larger, neatly
and finely latticed throughout with concentric lamel-
liform lines, orifice rotundately oval ; white, the
larger ribs fawn-coloured, iuterstiees between the
ribs sometimes black-dotted.

Ilab. Kaiue's Island, North Australia ; luce.

Tlu! fawn-coloured ribs, which radiate from the orifice
at about equal distances, are very characteristic in this
species.

FISSURELLA.— Plate X.

vali.

Species 70. (ilus. Cuming.)

PllSSUKELLA HONDURASENSIS. liss. tnlct oblongc

subdepresso-convexd, radiatbn costatd, codis
confertk, (gqualibus, lineis concentricis subobtmis uo-
doso-cancellatis, orijicio ovali, amplo, autice incUnato,
Meribus leviter conlracto ; rosaceo-albicante, versus
marginem cinereo-fiiscescente thwtd, poiie orifirium
■lubcfernled.

This Honduras Fissurklla. Shell oblong-oval,
rather depressly convex, radiatdy ribbed, ribs nu-
merous, close-set, equal, nodosely cancellated mth
rather obtuse concentric lines, orifice oval, large,
inclined anteriorly, slightly contracted at the sides ;
])inkish-white, light ash-l)rovpn towards the margin,
bluish behind the orifice.

Hall. Honduras ; Dyson.

Of a delicate flesh-pink white, with tlie ribs cipial,

not varying alternately, and finely nodose, where crossed

by the concentric lines.

In 7'^. Listeri, and other species, distinguished by blue

coloimng around the orifice, the colour mostly prevails in

front, in this it is situated posteriorly.

Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.)

PissuRELLA Listeri. Mss. testa sub quad rato-ovatd, de-
pressiusculd, costis concentricis et radiantibus fortiter
nodoso-clathratd, interstitiis profundi excavatis, ori-
ficio oblongo, subamplo, antice inclinato ; virescente-
albd, intense viridi plus minusve tinctd et variegatd,
circa orificium crerulescente.

Lister's Tissurella. SlicU somewliat squarely ovate,
rather depressed, strongly nodosely latticed with
concentric and radiating ribs, the interspaces being
deeply excavated, orifice oblong, rather large, in-
clined anteriorly ; greenish-white, more or less
stained and variegated with dark green, bluish
around the orifice.

D'Orbigny, Voy. dans TAmcr. Mcrid. Moll. p. 476.
Fmurella G-raca, Lamarck.

Ihb. West Indies.

Named anew by D'Orbigny, for the reasons given
under the head of F. reticulata, from which it differs
principally in having the sculpture so much more strongly
latticed, and nodose, rather than squamate, at the point
of crossing.

J-h.yf^/W/a.Fl H.

X^'.'

^

T"i""- I'"-" ""i

FISSURELLA.

Plate XI.

Species 73. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA xEois. Fiss. testd ohlongd, depressd, parum
elcvald, liris radiantibns subcequalibus numerosis con-
ferfls, l/M'isf/ne coiiceidricis nitide squamato-cancellutd,
orijicio oblotigo, sicbampio, cintice incUnalo ; albd, vi-
rescenle-o/imceo sitbobscure hdiradiatd.

The jEgis Fissueella. Shell oblong, depressed, but
little raised, neatly squamately cancellated with nu-
merous close-set nearly equal ridges and concentric
lines, orifice oblong, rather large, inclined anteriorly ;
white, rather obscurely broadly rayed with greenish-
olive.

Hab. ?

A beautifully-sculptured species, having very much the

form of a Parmopkorus.

Species 73. (Mus. Cuming.)

FiSSURELLA ATRATA. Fiss. tedd omld, (Ullliv ill U'liuilld,

depresso-plmid, medio elevatiuscidd, obxnldr lirimJidli',
liris marrjinem versus obscure >iodu/ui/s, vnjirio ob-
louffo, lateribus subcontractis ; intense purpureo-atrd,
circa orificium. cdbd, atro radiatd, margine interuo
late purpureo-atro .

The inky Pissurella. Shell ovate, attenuated ante-
riorly, depressly flattened, slightly raised in the
middle, obsoletely rayed with ridges, which are ob-
scurely nodulous towards the margin, orifice oblong,
slightly contracted at the sides ; deep purplc-lilack,
white, rayed with black around the orifice, internal
margin broadly purple-black.

Jlab. ?

Belonging to the Peruvian type with broad inner
margin, F. Udiiiiargiiiata, BriJgesii, &c., but specifically
distinct.

Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.)

FiSSURELLA EXQUISITA. Fiss. testd ovatd, aidice vix at-
tenuatd, tenui, depressiusculd, medio elevatd, radiatim
crebriliratd, liris subirregularibus, corrugatis, obscure
nodulosis, or/Jiriu pmnii/j/o, lateribus coutracto ; fla-
vescente-albd, iiiiriiiirt'ihiiiijricante conspicue el regu-
lariter radiuld, margine interno tessellato.

June

The EXQUISITE Pissurella. Shell ovate, scarcely atte-
nuated anteriorly, thin, rather depressed, raised in
the middle, radiately closely ridged, ridges somewhat
ii-regular, corrugate, obscurely nodulous, orifice very
large, contracted at the sides ; yellowish-white, con-
spicuously regularly rayed with purple-black, in-
ternal margin tessellated.

llab. Strait of Magalhaens.

A very characteristic species, in which the orifice of

true key-hole form is unusually large.

Species 75. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

Flssurella Metcalfii. Fiss. testd oblongo-omtd, de-
pressiusculd, medio levald, radiatim liratd, liris rmme-
rosis confertis, snbavgnlatis, striis conceidricis undique
crchi:rrii,ir drnixsulis, orijicio oblonyo-ovato, medio sub-
crriiridii, mdic- incliindo, margine deuticulato, denti-
cii/i.s l/ic illir bijiilin; cirescente-albd, olivaceo inter-
ruple latirudiutd.

iMetcalfe's Fissdrella. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
depressed, raised in the middle, radiately ridged,
ridges numerous, elose-set, slightly angled, very
closely decussated throughout with concentric strise,
orifice oblong-ovatc, slightly excavated in the middle,
inclined anteriorly, margin denticulated, denticles
here and there bifid ; greenish-white, interruptedly
broadly rayed with olive.

JM. ?

The ridges, which are very numerous and close-set, are

slightly angular, and very closely festooned throughout

witii concentric stride.

Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.)

FiSSURELLA CLYi'EUS. Fiss. testd ovatd, crassitisculd,
depressd, obscure radiatim liratd, liris distantibus,
obsolete muricato-nodosis, orijicio oblongo-ovato, par-
viusculo ; albidd, ustulato-nigro peculiariter reticulato-
radiatd, margine interno tessellato.

The shield Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather thick,
depressed, obscurely radiately ridged, ridges distant,
obsoletely ]n-iekly nodose, orifice oblong-ovate, rather
small ; whitish, peculiarly rayed in a reticulated
manner with bui-ut-black, internal margin tessellated.

1850.

riSSUllELLA,— Plate XI.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 128.
Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia ; Cuming.

Mr. Cuming only collected a single specimen of this
very characteristic species, and it still remains unique in
his cabinet.

Species 77. (Mus. Cuming.)

ElSSUEELLA GALERICULUM. Fiss. testd ovald, antice
valde attenuatd, crassinsndd, lateribus compressd, ra-
diatim miiUistriatd, orificio ohlongo, subamplo, lateribus
medio leviter excavatis ; intetise rufo-purpured, utrinque
orificium albiradiaid, margine interno latimado, riifo-
purpureo.

The bonnet Fisscrella. Shell ovate, very much
attenuated anteriorly, rather thick, compressed at
the sides, radiately many-striated, orifice oblong,
rather large, sides slightly excavated in the middle ;
deep red-purple, wliite-rayed on each side of the
orifice, internal margin rather broad, red-purple.

Distinguished by its attenuately compressed form, and
deep crimson-purple colouring.

Species 78. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissURELLA SALEBROSA. Fiss. ti'std suborbiculari-ovatd,
depressd, radiatim rude costatd, eostis subtrijualihus,
laminis concentrieis tmdique conspicue fmbriaio-'sqiia-
niaiis, orificio rotundato ; albidd, fusco hie il/ic tim-ta
el lineari-notatd.

The rugged Fissurella. Shell somewhat orbicularly
ovate, depressed, radiately rudely ribbed, ribs nearly
equal, conspicuously fimbriately squamate throughout
with concentric laminae, orifice rounded ; whitish,
stained and linearly marked here and there with
brown.

Hah. Kurrachee, Mouth of the Indus.

The ribs of this species are surmounted throughout

with rough erect furbelowed scales.

/vii-.jvz/v /.> ri J^IT.

%

§i

•

FISSURELLA.

Plate XIl.

Species 79. (ilus. Cuming.)

FissURELLA ROTA. Fiss. testd ovaid, dvpressiusculd, ra-
diatim obscure obtuse liratd, liris sulcis concent ricU
decussatis, oi-ificio elongato-obloiigo, lateribtis subcon-
tmcto ; olivaceo-fuscd, conspicue albiradiatd, radiis
prope manjbiem fusco-punctatls, circa ori/icium rosaced.

The wheel Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather depressed,
radiately obscurely obtusely ridged, ridges decussated
with coucentric grooves, orifice elongately obloug, a
little contracted at the sides ; olive-brown, conspicu-
ously white-rayed, rays blotched near the margin
with brown, pink round the orifice.

Hub. Ca])e of Good Hope.

The wliite rays have a raised appearance in this species

and are very characteristic.

Species 80. (Mus. Cuming.)

PissUBELLA STELLATA. Fiss. tesld ovaid, depressd, medio
elevaliusculd, obscure Uriradiald, liris obsolete nodulosis,
orificio obloiiffo, subangusto, laleribus medio excavalis ;
albidd, rufescente radiatd, radiis nigricante-purpureo
maculatis, margiue iuterno late tessellato.

The STARRED Fissurella. Shell ovate, depressed,
rather elevated in the middle, obscm'ely rayed with
ridges, which are obsoletely nodidous, orifice obloug,
rather narrow, sides excavated in the middle ; whitish,
rayed with light red, the rays being blotched with
blackish pm-ple, internal margin broadly tessellated.

Uab. Valparaiso (attached to dead shells at a depth of
from six to twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.

A very prettOy rayed species, distinguished internally
by the broad tessellated painting of the margin.

Fig. SI. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here represented proves to be a smooth variety
3f F. rota described above, and is from the same localitv.
ForSp. 81 seePl.XV.

Species 83. (Mus. Cuming.)
is.suiiELLA Cayennensis. Fiss. testa ovaid, convexo-
conicd, lateribus subeompressd, radiatim multiliratd,

tins tenuibiis, slriis coiiceutrici.s uuinerosis decussalis.
margiue subfiliter crenulato, orificio oblotigo, lateribus
medio excavati.s, antice inclinato ; albidd, fusco varie-
gaid, circa orijicium carulescente.
The Cayenne Fissurella. Shell ovate, convexly co-
nical, rather compressed at the sides, radiately many-
ridged, ridges fine, decussated with numerous cou-
centric striae, finely crenulated at the margin, orifice
oblong, sides excavated in the middle, inclined an-
teriorly; whitish, variegated with brown, blinsli
around the orifice.
LAJtARCK, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes'edit.) vol.vii. p..5ii-t.
Hob. Cayenne, Guiana.

The close-set radiating ridges, which form at their ex-
tremity the finely crenulated margin, are about eijilitv m
number.

Species S3. (^lus. Cuming.)

Fissurella crexifera. Fiss. testd ublongo-omtd, de-
pressd, radiatim costafd et striatd, eostk mnrimto-
nodosis, striis coneentricis obsolete squamato-decussatis,
margiue vLv crenulato, orificio elongato-oUongo, lateribus
medio excavatis ; albo et fusco-rufo late radiatd.

The crenulated Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, de-
pressed, radiately ribbed and striated, ribs muricately
nodose, obsoletely scpiamately decussated with con-
centric stri;e, margin scarcely crenulated, orifice elon-
gately oblong, sides excavated in the middle : broadly
rayed with white and brown-red.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soe. 1834, p. 128.

Uab. lical Lltjjo, Central America.

This species is not sufficiently crenulated to be entitled

to the specific name which has been applied to it.

Species S-i. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella alternata. Fiss. testd oblmgo-ovatd, ■■ml,-
qiiadratd, elevatd, lateribus subeompressd, radiatim. cos-
lata, costis angusti.i, liris iribus parvitisculis in inter-
stitiis, lamiuis numerosisjimbriatis coneentricis midiqiie
sqiiamuto-decussald, orijicio subqiiadrato-oblottgo, aiitice
iiirtinato, laleribus medio excavatis ; albidd, cintm-
oUmceo pallidi macidatd et radiatd, ante orijiriui/i
ccerulescente.

FISSURELLA.— Plate XII.

'I'm: ALTERNATE FissuRELLA. Shell oblong-ovate, sub-
([uadrate, raised, a little compressed at the sides,
radiately ribbed, ribs narrow, with three rather small
ridges in the interstices, squamately decussated
throughout with numerous concentric furbelowed
lamina;, orifice subquadratcly oblong, inclined ante-
riorly, sides excavated in the middle ; whitish, faintly
spotted and raved with ash-olive, bluish in front of
the orifice.

Say, (jould, MS.

Hnh. ?

The ribs of this species are rendered prickly by the

delicate sqiiamate growth of the concentric furbelowed

lamina?.

Species 85. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fis.surella Hdmphreyi. Fiss. kstd ovaid, crassius-
culd, valdi conicd, Balaniformi, radiatim fortiter cos-
fatd, costis nodosis ei corrurjatis, circa orificiiim alter-
■natim evanidis, or/Jicio ohlongo-ooalo, subamplo, medio
contracto ; albd.

Humphrey's Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather thicii,
very conical, Balanus-shaped, radiately strongly
ribbed, ribs nodose and corrugate, fading alternately
around the orifice, which is oblong-ovate, rather large,
and contracted in the middle ; white.

Hah. Cape de Verd Islands.

Belonging to the same type as F. glaucopis and alabas-
triles from the same locality, but remarkably distinguished
specifically by its elevated conical form. I dedicate this
species to the memory of the late Mr. Humphrey, in re-
membrance of an admirable figure of it drawn and pub-
lished by him in his ' Concliology, or Natural History of
Shells,' pi. 7. f 7.

Species 86. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella Dysoni. Fiss. testa ovatd, acuminato-conicd,
lateribus compressd, radiatim squamato-costaid, costis
e/evatis, interstitiis nitide caucellatis, orifieio siibqua-
drato-oblongo , lateribus medio subexcava/is ; cariths-
cente-albd, intense uigro radiatd.

Dyson's Fissurella. Shell ovate, acurainately conical,
compressed at the sides, radiately squamately ribbed,
ribs elevated, interstices neatly cancellated, orifice

somewhat squarely oblong, slightly excavated at the
sides ; bluish-white, rayed with deep black.

Hab. Honduras ; Dyson.

A beautifully sculptured species, allii

F. Ruppellii.

form to

Species 87. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella Panamensis. Fiss. testa rotundato-ovali,
lateribus subcompressd, radiatim teimicostatd, inter-
stitiis sublilissime caucellatis, orificio parvo, rotmidalo ;
albd, fiisco maculatd et fulguratd.

The Panama Fissurella. Shell rotundately oval, a
little compressed at the sides, radiately thinly ribljed,
the interstices being very finely cancellated, orifice
small, rounded ; white, blotched and lightning-
marked with brown.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 127.

Hub. Panama (on dead shells at a depth of from six to ten
fothoms) ; Cuming.
Of a more rounded form than the preceding species,

with a smaller and rounder orifice.

Species 88. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella calyculata. Fiss. testa ovatd, antice sub-
aitenuatd, medio acuminato-conicd, tenuissimd, pellu-
cidd, lateribus compressd, radiatim costatd, costis jim-
brialo-squamatis, tribus posiicis multo majoribus, cos-
tarum interstitiis pulcJterrime fimbriato-clathratis, ori-
ficio parvo, rotundato-ovato, intus postice calycidato ;
pellucido-albd, roseo tinctd.

The chambered Fissurella. Shell ovate, slightly
attenuated anteriorly, acuminately conical in the
middle, very thin, pellucid, compressed at the sides,
radiately ribbed, ribs fimbriately squamate, the three
posterior ribs much the larger, interstices between
the ribs very beautifully fimbriately latticed, orifice
small, rotundately ovate, posteriorly chambered
within ; transparent white, tinged with rose.

Sowerby, Genera of Shells, No. 31. f. 4.

Hab. ?

It may be doubted whetlicr the inner ciiamber posterior

to the orifice is a character of the species. The larger

size and squamate growth of the three posterior ribs may

be regarded of more importance.

%

FU'SJjrel/u.n.im.

m

^

i

it., I

FISSURELLA

Plate XIII.

Species S'J. (ilus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA CANDIDA. Fiss. teslti subelongato-ovatci, coii-
cavo-elevata, laleribm subcompressd, crassiuscuM, I iris
parvis conceutricis et radiantibns midique decussatd,
orificio parvo, aiUice valde incUnato, laleribus viedio ex-
cavaii.i ; alba, immaculatd.

The white Fissurella. Shell somewhat elongately
ovate, concavely raised, somewhat compressed at the
sides, rather thick, decussated throughout with small
radiating and concentric ridges, orifice small, very
much inclined anteriorly, sides excavated in the
middle; white, unspotted.

SowERBY, Conch. Illus. Fiss. Cat. p. 7. f. 58.

Hab. ?

The truncated gi-owth of the posterior basal edge, de-
scribed by Mr. Sowerby, appears to be accidental.

Species 90. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA ExacisiTA. Fiss. testa ovatd, medio elevato-
conicd, vix antice inclinatd, liris radiautibus et conceu-
tricis undique eximie profundi claikratd, liris radian-
tibus alternis minoribus, prope orificium evanidis, orifi-
cio orbiculari-ovato, parviusculo ; pellucido-albd.

The exquisite Fissurella. Shell ovate, elevately co-
nical in the middle, scarcely inclined anteriorly, de-
licately and deeply latticed tlu-oughout with radiating
and concentric ridges, of which the alternate are
smaller and disappear near the orifice, orifice orbi-
cularly ovate, rather small ; transparent white.

IM. ?

The latticed sculpture of this species is extremely de-
licate and well-defined.

Species 91. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella catillus. Fiss. testa oblongo-ovatd, crassius-
culd, lateribm subcompressd, obscure decnssatiin liratd,
liris subrudibus, fere evanidis, orificio ovato, subamplo ;
rosacea, albido-radiatd.

The little dish Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate,
rather tliick, a little compressed at the sides, ob-
scm-ely decussately ridged, ridges somewhat rude,
abnost faded, orifice ovate, rather large; pinkish,
raved with dull white.

Hab. Java.

This specimen is uncoloured round towards the base,
which is not likely to be a character of the species.

Species 92. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella digitale. Fiss. testd orbiculari-ovatd, gib-
boso-conicd, aiitice valJi inclinatd, striis elevatis radi-
antibus et concentricis uinliqKc rrrherrime decussatd,
orificio parvo, suborhn-iilurl ,■ iiilfHsi: cinered, prope
basin fused, circa orifiriiint cceriilcscenle.

The thimble Fissurella. Shell orbicularly ovate, gib-
bously conical, very much inclined anteriorly, very
closely decussated throughout with raised concentric
and radiating ainx, orifice small, nearly orbicular ;
deep ash-colour, brown near the base, bluish around
the orifice.

IM, 3

An extremely characteristic species, having very much
the appearance of a small Patella.

Species 93. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella dactylosa. Fiss. testd ovatd, siibconicd,
liris radiautibus et concentricis acute dense, clathrald,
liris radiantibus alternatiM majoriLus et prominent ibus,
orificio ovato, parvo ; albidd, ferrugineo-fusco pallide
latiradiatd.

The fingered Fissurella. Shell ovate, rather co-
nical, sharply thickly latticed with radiating and con-
centric ridges, wliich are alternately larger and pro-
minent, orifice ovate, rather small ; whitish, faintly
broadly rayed with rust-brown.

llab. Kurrachee, Mouth of the Indus.

In this species every other alternate ridge is larger and
more prominent than the rest.

Species 9 t. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella austkalis. Fiss. testd ocald, medio valde
elevatd, antice concaviuscntd, costis cosieUisque com-
pressis, acutis, radiantibus, liris concentricis undique
profandenodoso-clttthratd, or ficio parvo, ovato ; albidd,
pallide ferrugineo subobscure maculato-radiafd.

The southern Fissurella. Shell ovate, much raised in
the middle, rather concave anteriorly, deeply nodosely

1850.

FISSUEELLA.— Plate XIII.

latticed throughout with radiating sharp compressed
ribs and riblets, and concentric ridges, oriiice small,
ovate; whitish, somewhat obscurely blotch-rayed
with light rust-brown.

Krauss, Sudafric. Moll. p. C7. pi. -i.f. 10.

Hah. Natal, South Africa.

A characteristic species of the same type as our British

F. reticulata.

Species 95. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuBELLA CoNioiDES. Fiss. testd ovatd, elevato-conicd,
crassd, radiatim. corrugato-costatd, costis valde irregu-
lariius et rugosis, orificio ovato, centrali ; albd, circa
orificium cinereo-nigricante, intus virescente.

The Conia-like Fissurella. Shell ovate, elevately
conical, thick, radiately corrugately ribbed, ribs very
irregular and rugose, orifice ovate, central ; white,
ashy black around the orifice, gi-eenish in the interior.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

Closely allied to the F. g/aiicopis and aladas/ritca from

the Cape de Verd Islands.

Species 96. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella cruciata. Fiss. testa oblongo-ovatd, antice
incUnatd, lateribus subcompressd, Uris radiantibus
striisqtie concentricis elevatis nilide clathratd, Uris
alternis minorihcs, prope orificium evanidis, orificio or-
biculari-ovato ; albd, radiis quat7ior ferrugineis inter-
niptis basin versus notatd.

The cross-marked Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate,
incbned anteriorly, rather compressed at the sides,
neatly latticed with radiating ridges and raised con-
centric strise, alternate ridges smaller and fading
near the orifice, orifice orbicularly ovate; white,
marked towards the base with four interrupted rust-
brown rays.

Krauss, Sudafric. Moll. p. (57. pi. 4. f. 9.

Hab. Natal, Soutli Africa.

The cross-marked painting, which is more defined in
the specimen represented by Dr. Ki'auss, must not be re-
garded as a specific character.

Species 97. (Mus. Cuming.)
Fissurella lentiginosa. Fim. testd oblongo-ovatd, gib-
boso-concavd, depressiusculd, Uris radiantibus striisque
concentricis elevatis undique dense clathratd, orificio
antico, orbiculari-ovato, subamplo ; albd, fusco hie illic
eximie lentiginosd, maculis grandibus nigricante-fuscis
prope ad basin.
The freckled Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, gib-
Irously concave, rather depressed, thickly latticed
throughout with radiating ridges and concentric
raised Lines, orifice anterior, orbicularly ovate, rather
large ; white, delicately freckled here and there with
brown, with large blackish-brown blotches next the
base.

Hab. ?

The freckled style of painting appears to be a some-
what characteristic feature in this species.

Species 98. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella larva. Fiss. tesid ovatd, elevato-conicd,
costis distantibns lirisqne intermediis striis concentricis
nitide clathratd, orificio antice inclinato, ad extremita-
tem anticam pectdiariter contracto; nigricante-olicaced,
circa orificium hie illic albo notatd.

The mask Fissurella. Shell ovate, elevately conical,
neatly latticed with distant ribs with intermediate
ridges and concentric strife, orifice inclined anteriorly
aud peculiarly contracted at the anterior extremity ;
blackish-olive, marked here and there about the
orifice with white.

Hub. Island of St. John's, West Indies; Hartvig.

A strongly sculptured shell with a very peculiar orifice,

which is unusually contracted at the anterior end.

Fi.ssurella,Pl.XlV.

Hh,

il

^

•

FISSURELLA

Species 9'J. (JIus. C'luniug.)

FissL'RELLA PiLEOPSOiDES. Fiss. testd ovatd, mlde
elevatd, antici conspicue falcald, radiatim detisiUratd,
orijicio ollongo-ovato, parviuscitlo ; alhd.

The Pileopsis-like Fissurella. Shell ovate, very
much raised, anteriorly conspicuously hooked, ra-
diately thickly ridged, orifice oblong-ovatc, rather
small; white.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (on the reefs at low-
water) ; Cuming.
Remarkable for the top of the shell being very much

produced anteriorly, after the manner of a FilMpds.

Species 100. (Fig. 100,101, Mus. Cuming.j

FissuRELLA SiXGAPORENSis. Yns. testd ovatd, sabconicd,
costeUis nnmerosis radiantihus siriis coucentncis eleva-
tiusculis densklathraid, orificio parw, suborbiciilarl ;
albidd, cinereo-nigricante siibobscure radiatd et va-
ringatd.

The Singapore Fissurella. Shell ovate, subconical,
thickly latticed with numerous radiating fine ribs
and raised concentric striae, orifice small, nearly or-
bicular ; whitish, somewhat obscurely rayed and va-
riegated with light ash-black.

Eab. Singapore; Cuming.

The latticed sculpture of this species becomes frequently

araakamated and obscure towards the base.

Species 102. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella Sieboldii. ¥m. testd ovatd, medio elevatd,
antice cwrvatd, radiatim costatd, costis subcompressis,
distantibus, posticis majoribus, ekvati-s, concentrice ru-
goso-squamatis, orijicio parvo, ovato, antico ; albidd,
cinereo variegatd.

Siebold's Fissurella. Shell ovate, raised in the
middle, curved anteriorly, radiately ribbed, ribs
rather compressed, distant, the posterior larger,
elevated, concentrically roughly squamate, orifice
small, ovate, anterior ; wliitish, variegated with ash.

Hab. Japan; Dr. Siebold.

Belonging to a very characteristic group, including

F. cuhjculata and others, in which the radiating ribs are

August

widely separated, more or less squamate, and always
larger at the posterior end of the shell.

Species 103. (Mus. Cimiing.)
Fissurella muricata. Fiss. testd ovatd, medio coiiicd,
lateribus depressiuscidd, radiatim subobscure tenuiliratd
et striatd, liris nmricato-nodosis, orificio obloiujo, late-
ribus medio excavutis ; tiigricante-jmrpKred, albidd
circa orificinm.
The prickly Fissurella. Shell ovate, conical in the
middle, rather depressed at the sides, radiately some-
what obscm-ely ridged and striated, ridges prickly-
nodose, orifice oblong, sides excavated in the middle ;
blaekish-pm-ple, whitish round the orifice.
Uah. ?

Distinguished chiefly by the prickly-nodose ehara
the ridges.

of

Species 104. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella fimbriata. Fiss. testd ovatd, medio elevato-
conicd, radiatim costatd, costis angustis, compressis,
laminis conceutricis pulcherrime sqiiamato-fimbriatd,
orificio ovato, cent rati ; griseo-albd, iiigricante-cinereo
hie illic variegatd.

The furbelotved Fissurella. Shell ovate, elevately
conical in the middle, radiately ribbed, ribs narrow,
compressed, very beautifidly squamately furbelowed
with concentric laminse, orifice ovate, central ; grey-
ish-white, variegated here and there with blaekish-
ash.

Hab. Port Molle, North-east Coast of Australia (under
stones at low water) ; Jukes.
In tliis most elaborately fm-belowed species the orifice

has a very central aspect and is pecnliai-ly elevated.

Species 10.5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella viminea. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd,depresso-
pland, medio elevatinsculd, obtusd, radiatim costatd,
costis parvis, confertis, irregularibus, liris conceutricis
undique creberrime decnssatis, orificio oblotigo, parvius-
culo ; cinereo-oUvaced, obscure radiatd, pellucido-alba
circa orificinm .

1S50.

FISSURELLA.— Plate XIV.

The wicker Fissueella. Shell oblong-ovate, depressly
flattened, rather elevated in the middle, obtuse, ra-
diately ribbed, ribs small, close-set, ii-regular, very
closely decussated throughout with concentric ridges,
orifice oblong, rather small; ash-olive, obscurely
rayed, transparent ai'ound the orifice.

Htih. ?

The sculptui-e of this species is very peculiar, having the

appearance of wicker-work.

Species 106. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissURELLA OSTRINA. Yi^s. testd ovatd, subconicd, lale-
ribns subcompressd, radathii liratd, liris subruyo-
sis, irregularibiis, obscure uod/dosis, orificio obloiujo,
angusto, lateribus medio excamtis; nigro-piirpured, ori-
ficium vermis rosacea, intus virescenie.

The purple Fissurella. Shell ovate, slightly conical,
rather compressed at the sides, radiately ridged,
ridges subrugose, iiTegular, obscurely nodulous,
orifice oblong, narrow, sides excavated in the middle ;
very dark pui'ple, pinkish towards the orifice, greenish
within.

Hnb. ?

Simple in character, though irreferable to any hitherto

described species.

Species 107. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella Ticaonica. Fiss. testd ovatd, gibboso-ek-

vatd, aidice valde imUnatd, subfalcatd, liris radianti-

busfortibus angustis, striis concentricis elevatis undique

densiclathratd, orificio elongato-oblongo, lateribus me-

dio excavaiis ; virescente-albd, olivaceo-viridi sparsim
macidatd et punctatd, carulescente circa orificium.

The Ticao Fissurella. Shell ovate, gibbously ele-
vated, anteriorly much inclined, slightly hooked,
thickly latticed throughout with strong narrow ra-
diating ridges and raised concentric stria, orifice
elougately oblong, sides excavated in the middle;
gi-eenish-white, sprinkled with dots and blotches of
olive-gi-een, bluish round the orifice.

Ilab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (under stones at low
water) ; Cuming.
Au extremely characteristic species, much elevated and

curved anteriorly, with the same naiTow oblong orifice

mostly seen in the flat species.

Species 108. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella quadriradiata. Fiss. testd ovatd, gibboso-
elevatd, antice subincUnatd, liris foriibns radiantibits,
alternatim majoribus, striisque elevatis concentricis
demissivie clatliratd, orificio subelongato-oblongo, late-
ribus medio excavaiis ; albd, nigro maculatd et conspi-
cue quadriradiata.

The four-bayed Fissurella. Shell ovate, gibbously
elevated, a little inclined anteriorly, very thickly
latticed with strong radiating ribs, which are alter-
nately larger, and concentric raised striae, orifice
rather elougately oblong, with the sides excavated in
the middle ; white, blotched and conspicuously fom--
rayed with black.

Hab. Bais, Island of Negi'os, Philippines ; Cuming.
Very simOar in form and sculpture to F. RiippelUi, from

which it differs in respect of the orifice.

ri.ssu7fii(L,m.zr.

•

F I S S U R E L L A

Species 81. (Mus. Cuming.)

FissuuELLA NiGRiEADiATA. Fiss. testd elevato-coiiicd,
aiiticc iiicUitatd, crassiuscidd, cosiis radiantibus el
conccntrieis dense et suhrude clathratd, mtei-stUus
profiindis, orificio ovato ; alia, intense nigro inter-
ritpte rndlald.

The liLACK-KAYED FissURELLA. Shell elevately conicnl,
iiicliiu'd anteriorly, rather thick, closely and some-
what rudely latticed with radiating and concentric
ridges, interstices deep, orifice ovate ; white, rayed
in an interrupted manner with intense black.

Hah. ?

A pure white shell, rayed with about eight deep black
streaks, which are here and there interrupted.

Fig. 109 a, b, c. (Mus. Cuming.)
The specimens here figured must be referred to F. eahj-
cidala ah-eady dcseribcd. It is an extremely variable
species, except in that the three posterior ribs are always
larger than the rest, and the sculpture of the same plan
more or less thickened.

Species 110. (Mus. ^Metcalfe.)

FissuRELLA ELONfiATA. Fim. li'std siibelougato-obloiitjd,
dcpressd, teniiicidd, coslh tenuibus radiantibus et coii-
ceniricis luidiij/ie n'dide clath-atd, orificio ovato, magna,
anlico ; albidd, macidis parvis ferrugineis Jdc iUic
sparsini uotatd.

The ELONGATED FissuEELLA. Shell clongately oblong,
depressed, rather thin, neatly latticed throughout
with radiating and concentric fine ribs, orifice ovate,
large, anterior ; whitish, sparingly marked here and
there with small rust-spots.

Philipvi, Abbild. mid Besch. Couch, vol. ii. p. 3.3, Fiss.
pi. 1. f. 3.

Hah. ?

A depressed whitish shell, with a few small scattered
rust-spots, and rather large orifice.

Species 111. (Mus. Iklcher.)

FiSSUUELLA ACULEATA. FisS. tesfd oUuiUJO-Otuld^ (intirc

subullciiiudd, depressd, medio elnalinsculd, radiuliin
August

costeUatd, concentrice laminatd, lamiuis eleganter
aridealo-squamatis, orificio ovato, magno ; spadiceo-
albd.

The prickly Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, slightly
attenuated anteriorly, depressed, rather elevated in
the middle, radiately finely ribbed, concentrically
laminated, lamina; elegantly prickly-sealed, orifice
ovate, large ; fawn-white.

IM. ?

The radiating ribs of tliis elegant species are almost
wholly formed of elevated in-iekly scales.

Species 112. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Fis.suiiELLA coNciNNA. Fiss. testu oblongo-ovatd, de-
pressiuscidd, medio elevald, radiatim obscurii uodidoso-
liratd, striis concentricis snbcomigatis decussatd, ori-
ficio ohhngo, hderibus medio e.rcnvalis ,- sordidii olivaced,
/"'-/'■'.■''.'' -/'.'/y/'/v'i, hdinidiidd, un/ieii murgiiie albo.
The riMM. 1 I- , i;i,i,LA. Sli.li ubidiig-ovate, rather
ilrpr. --.J, I ii-.d ill the midtlle, raibately obscurely
ly ridged, decussated with subcorrugate

nodul

concentric strife, orifice oblong, sides excavated in

the midtlle ; didl olive, broadly rayed with dark

purple, edge of the orifice white.
I'uiLri'Pi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. ii. p. 6G. Fiss.

pi. 2. f. 5.
IM. Chili.

This species a]iproxiniates very closely to F. ma.fima in
a young state.

Species 113. (Mus. Belcher.)
FiSSUUELLA excelsa. Fiss. testd elerrdo-conicd,
iiicliiudd, cos/is radiantibus et co/imi/nn.s ■■m
clulhrald, costis eleganter muricntu-xi/miu/idit,
parvo, laleribus medio concinne e.mini/i.s ; fii.m
albd, ro-ieo-fusco Jdc illic niacididd.
TuE LOFTY Fissurella. Shell elevately come
clined anteriorly, finely latticed with radiatii
concentric ribs which are elegantly squamate,
small, sidrs pr<:ttil\ rxeavated in tlir middle;
isli-uhite, spotted hciv and there uilh p
brouii.
Hub. Eastern Seas.

anlicc
blilder
orfivio

al, in-
ig and
orifice
brown-

linkish-

FISSUEELLA.— Plate XV.

A remarkably high conical species, sometimes delicately
sometimes stoutly squamately latticed.

Species 114. (Mus. Cuming.)
FissuuELL.\ cY.\THULUM. Fiss. testd ovato-coiiicd,

radiatim acute squamato-costatd, costis alternatim
majoribus, liris coiiceniricis ant/uifm clathratk, orijicio
parvo, ovato ; albidd, fusco varkgatd.
The little cup Fissubella. Shell ovately conical,
elevated, radiately sharply squamately ribbed, ribs
alternately larger, latticed with naiTow concentric
ridges, orifice small, ovate ; wjiitish, variegated with
lirowii.

Hah. ?

Somewhat like the precetliug spc-ies, but not so

elevated, more coarsely latticed, and diilcrently per-
forated.

Species 115. (Mus. Belcher.)

FissuEELLA LiMATULA. Fiss. testd oblougo-ovatd, atitice
subattemmtd, lateribiis patdulum compressd, radiatim
■itibtiliter et confertim muricato-striatd, orificio magno,
ovato ; albd, nigrieanti; tinctd et radiatd.

The little file Fissukella. Shell oblong-ovate,
s(miewhat attenuated anteriorly, sides a little com-
pressed, radiately finely and closely prickly-striated,
orifice large, ovate ; white, stained and variegated
with pale black.

Hab. ?

A depressed shell, finely prickly-striated over its

surface.

FLSSur^lU,Tl.I.yi.

%

^

A

elenr; li .•evejUn.]'

FISSURELLA

ijpecies 116. (Mus. Cumiug.)

FisstBELLA OCTAGOXA. Fiss. testd ovatd, elevatimciild,
octocusliitu, Uris parvls, iiuuute (/raimloik in inlenli-
liis, or/Jicio ovato, lat'mscnlo, a/dice incUnato ; albidd,
jyidiis lath fuscescentihus prope marginem, circa ori-
Jicium caruhncevte .

The octagon Fissukella. Shell ovate, rather elevated,
eight-ribbed, with small minutely granulated ridges
in the interstices, orifice ovate, rather broad, inclined
anteriorly ; wliitish, with broad light-brown rays
near the margin, bluish around the orifice.

Ilab. Island of Ticao, riiilippincs (on dead sliells) ;
Cuming.

As in several other species of this genus, the posterior
ribs are rather more prominent than the anterior.

Speries 117. (Mus. Cuminn-.)

FlSSVKELLA NIGRO-OCELLATA. Fixx. (I'Std Oimtd, c'lc-
rat/i/sciild, radiatini et coiicodrio' furlilt'i- ajsfald,
cosfh snhdisiantibus, interstitiin di'iisii-liillinilis, orijkio
orhinilari ; alhd, maculis niyrh proiiv i.Kinjhinu seria-
Ihn. pictd.

The BLACK-EYED FissURELLA. Shell ovato, rather
elevated, strongly radiately and concentrically ribbed,
ribs rather distant, interstices thickly latticed, orifice
orbicular ; white, painted with a row of black spots
near the margin.

Hah. Island of Ticao, Fhilippines (dredged from the
depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

Characterized by a black spot in the interstice between
each rib nest the margin.

Species 118. (Fig. 1 18, 119 «, 119 h, 119 c, Mus. Cuming.)

FissuRELLA GiBBEKULA. Fiss. testd uvutd, siibcomcd,
(intice inclinatd, radiatim costatd, costis subanr/iiHis,
coiifcrtis, interstitiis subprofande clatliratis, orificio
pnno ; albidd, aut nigra a.ut viridi varlegatd.

The slightly gibbous Fissurella. Shell ovate, snb-
conical, inclined anteriorly, radiately ribbed, ribs
rather narrow, close-set, interstices rather deeply

latticed, orifice small ; whitish, variegated with black

or green.
Hab. Mediterranean.

The painting of this species appears to vary from
black to dark olive-green, and the latticed sculpture is
more strongly developed in some specimens than in
others.

Species 130. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Fissurella mls. T'/s.v. le>ild ui-uli!, diil'nv Md)iitti-iii(ntd,

lateriblis sid/i-ihi/jn-rsMi, luiUrr i;ihli' lucrnialii, radia-
thti creherriiiir Iniiiilinild, siriis cuiicfii/rieis deiiw
decusmtd, orificio oblongo, laleribus medio cccavatis ;
albidd, cinereo-nigricante profuse et irregnlariter
radiatd.

The mouse Fissurella. Shell ovate, somewhat atte-
nuated anteriorly, rather compressed at the sides,
much inclined anteriorly, radiately very closely
finely ridged, thickly decussated vnt\\ concentric
stria;, orifice oblong, sides excavated in the middle ;
w^hitish, profusely and irren'nlarly rayed with ash-
black.

Ilab. ?

The closeness of the sculpture as above describeil gives
to this species an elaborately granulateil aspect.

Species 121. (Fig. a, Mus. Jletcalfe ; Fig. b,
Mus. Cuming.)

Fissurella gejimulata. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd,
aiitice inclinatd, liris tenuibus nodulosis undique con-
fertim radiatd, orifcio oblongo-ovato, panitisculo,
laieribns medio excavutis ; albd, caruleo-iiigricai/tc
pecitliariter 9-adiatd.

The beaded Fissurella. Shell oblong-ovate, in-
clined anteriorly, closely rayed throughout with
fine nodulous ridges, orifice oblong-ovate, rather
small, sides excavated in the middle ; white, pecu-
liarly rayed with blue-black.

Fisi-nri'lla viimla, Sowerl>y (not of Ijaniarek).

IM. •?

I name this shell anew on the testimony of M. Deshayes

(Anim. saus vert. vol. vii. p. .')'.)9, note), that it is not

nSSURELLA.— Plate XVI.

F. mhmta of Lamarck, but have not have been aljle to
identity that species.

Species 122. (Mus. Cuming.)
FissuEELLA TEGULA. Fiss. tedd coidco-omtd, crasdus-
cula, antice inclinatd, Icevigatd, Uneis impressk radi-
untibus obscure decussatd, orificio oUongo, lateribus
mbexcavatk ; nigricmte-canled, viitis augustis satura-
tioribus radiatd.

The slate Fissurella. Shell conically ovate, rather
thick, inclined anteriorly, smooth, obscurely decus-
sated with impressed radiating lines, orifice oblong,
slightly excavated at the sides ; blackish-blue, rayed
with narrow fillets of a darker tint.

Hab. ?

A peculiar slate-coloured species of an elevated conical

form, with little indication of sculpture.

F 1 S S U R E L L A .

Piute.

aculeata, Reeve XV.

^gis, Reeve XL

fequaKs, Sowerby VIII.

affitik. Gray V.

alabastrites, Reeve V.

alternata, Say XII.

aperta, Sowerby VI.

apertura. Montagu X.

aspera, Sowerby V.

aspereUa, Sowerby VIII.

atrata, Reeve XL

australis, Kraim XIII.

BalanoitU's, Reeve X.

Barbadousis {Patella), GiucUii IV.

heUa, Reeve III.

bicolor, Adams IV.

biiadiata, Fmubly III.

Bridgesii, Reeve III.

oalvTulatii, Sowerby XII.

.-.Ir-,:.. Cray X.

r,.,. ,, , / '-//«), Solander. VII.

.MIMll^l:,. N .-■,,% XIII.

catillus, Reeve XIII.

Cayeimensis, Lamarck XII.

Chemnitzii, Sowerby I.

C/iilensis, Sowerby 11.

clatlu-ata, Reeve VIII.

clypeiformis, Sowerby I.

cly]3eus, Sowerby XL

coarctata, Kiny V.

compressa, Reeve IX.

concimia, FJdUppi XV.

Conoides, Reeve XIII.

costata, Lesson II.

crassa, Lamarck I.

creiiifera, Sowerby XII.

crenulata, Sowerby III.

cruciata, Krauss XIII.

Cumiiigii, Reeve III.

cyatliidum, Reeve XV.

dactylosa, Reeve XIII.

Danviiiii, Reeve I.

deusii'latlirata. Reeve IX.

depressa, Laiuurck . . » I.

Spcries,

111

72
55
2G
27
84
39

58
73
9i
G6
23
21
25
20
16
8S
68
51
89
91
82

1
14
57

4
76
32
60
112
95
14

4
S3
18
96
17
114
93

7
64

4

Plate. Specie?

digitale, Reeve XIII. 92

dubia, R^eve VI. 35

Dysoiii, Reeve XII. 86

edititia, Reeve VII. 47

elongata, Philippl XV. 110

Europcea, Sowerby X. 68

exeelsa, Reeve XV. 113

cxi|uisita, Reeve XI. 74

faseieularis, Lamarck VIII. 59

^rnhxiaia.. Reeve XIV. 104

fulvescens, Sowerby VI. 42

fumata, Reeve IX. 63

fimicidata, Reeve IX. 65

galericidum, Reeve XL 77

gemmidata, Reeve XVI. 121

gibba, PhUippi XVI. 118

g\h\xml&, Lamarck XVI. 118

glaucopis, Reeve V. 28

Graca, Lamarck X. 71

Grceca, nonmd X. 68

grandis, Sowerby II. 11

grisea, Reeve VI. 38

hiantida, Lamarck VI. 36

Hondurasensis, Reeve VII. 48

Hmnphreyi, Reeve XII. 85

inEequalis, Sowerby VII. 50

Iiicii, Reeve X. 69

Indusica, Reeve X. 67

Javiiiiiceitsk, Sowerby VI. 36

Jukesii, Reeve VII. 45

lar\'a, Reeve XIII. 98

lata, Sowerby I. 5

latimarginata, Sowerby III. 19

lentiginosa. Reeve XIII. 97

Limatula, Reeve XV. 115

Hmbata, Sowerby II. 10

Lmcobii, Gray IX. 62

Listeri, B'Orbigiiy X. 71

maerotrema, Sowerby V. 31

maxima, Sowerby IV. 22

Mediterranea, Gray I. 3

Jletealfii, Reeve XL 75

Mexieana, Sowerby VI. 40

mierotrema, Sowerby VII. 44

INDEX.

mmuta, Sowerby X\ I. 121

muricata, Reeve XIV. 103

inutabilis, Sowerhj VII. 43

mus, Eeeve XVI. 1 20

Natalensis, Erauss III. 15

neglecta, Beskayes I. 3

nigra. Lesson H- H

nigrii-adiata, Reeve XV. 81

nigrita, Sowerby VI. 41

nigro-ocellata, Reeve XVI. ] 17

iiigro-punctata, Soweriy .... IV. 8

uimbosa {Patella), Linnseus . . V. 29

nodosa {Patella), Bom .... IV. 34

obscura, Sowerby VII. 4()

obtusa, Sowerby VIII. .53

octagona, Reeve XVI. IKJ

olivacea, Gray IX. (il

oriens, Sowerby II. 13

ostrina, Reeve XIV. lOU

raiiamcufis, Sowerby XII. 87

I'cniviaua, Lamarch V. 20

I'hilippiann, Reete VI. 37

pica, Sowerby VII. 4'J

picta {Patella), Gmi'lin I. fl

I'ileopsoides, Reeve XIV. 99

pidcliva, Sowerby II.

pu.stida {Patella), Linnseus . . VIII.

quadriradiata, Reeve XIV.

reticulata {Patella), Donovan . X.

rota, Reeve XII.

rudis, Deshayes II.

ragosa, Sowerby VIII.

EuppeUii, Sotcerby VIII.

sagittata. Reeve VI.

salebrosa, Reeve XI.

scutella. Gray VI.

Sieboldii, Reeve XIV.

Siugaporensis, Reeve XIV.

stcllata, Rene XII.

siibrotimda, Deshayes V.

tegiJa, Reeve XVI.

Ticaouica, Reeve XIV.

trapezina, Sowerby VI.

venusta, Reeve XIII.

nminea, Reeve XIV.

violacea, Eschscholtz II.

\'irescens, Sowerby IV.

vii'idula, Lamarck IV.

volcano. Reeve IV.

9
52
108
GH
79
14
5ti
54
34
78
33
Ul2
100
SO
20
7U
122
107
33
90
10.-,
11
12

ERRAT.\.

Sp. 37. For F. nigra, Philippi, read F. PUlijjpiana, Reeve.

Sp. 39. F. aperla. I have beeu informed by Mr. Gray that this species, his Fupillica aperta, is not the Fissurellidda mega-
trema of D'Orbigny from Patagonia, but that it belongs to a difl'enent though closely allied moUusk inhabiting Port Natal, as figured
byDr. Ki-auss in his ' Sudafrikauisclien Mollusken,' pi. 4. f. 11. Having no authentic specimens of the Patagonian sjiecics, by
which to identify it with certainty, I was struck ivith the reserablauce of the shcU before me to D'Orbigny's figures.

Sp. 70. For F. Kondurasensu, read F. svffusa. Reeve.

Sp. 90. For F. e.vquisita, read F. veimsta, Reeve.

Sp. 118. f. ^i'Mi'ra/a, add authority, Za»!«)c^-, Anim. sans vert. (.Deshayes' edit.) vol. vii.p. 599 . audsyuuuymc F. gihlju, l'hihp|)i.

MONOGRAPH

OP THE GENUS

P A R T U L A.

AJmigkty God, and fuB of might,

By whom all thing is made of uoiiglit,

To thee my heart is ready dight.
For upon thee is all my thoiiglit.

Old Uymn uf Md.

Par/a/H PIL

k

^m

4

m

E^R,

E,fv.- Btnhii!! S Retve imp

P A R T U L A

Genus PARTULA, Fmmac.
Testa parviuscula, acuminato-ovata vel oblonga, basin versus
•plerumque oblique produda, paruni umbilicata, anfrac-
tibus qnitiqiie ad sex, plus minus Icevibus, lineis impres-
sis spiralibus minute insculptis, columella incrassatu,
plano-appressd, aperturd subquadrato-ovatd, labro late
planirejlexo, interdimi calloso.
Shell rather small, acuminately ovate or oblong, generally
obliquely produced towards the base, but little um-
bUicated, whorls five to six in number, more or less
smooth, minutely engraved with impressed spiral
lines, eolumella thickened, flatly appressed, aperture
somewhat squarely ovate, lip broadly flatly reflected,
sometimes callous.
Partula is the Polynesian type ol' that tribe of suads
which is represented in other parts of the world by the
genus Bulimus ; and it is questioned by many whether,
under these cu-cumstances, seeing that there is no difterence
in the soft parts, it claims to rank as a genus. The Par-
tula have a strong peculiarity of form, plan of colouring,
and even of sculpture. The shells are distinguished by a
comparative uniformity of size and substance, and all are
more or less conspicuously engivived with fine spiral im-
pressed lines; whilst the apertm-e is peculiar in being
produced somewhat obliquely, and in having mostly an
auricular aspect, owing to the callous thickening of the lip,
which is invariably broadly flatly reflected.

De Fe'russac was the first to note the particular local
character of what may be termed the Biilimi of the
Pacific Islands, and the present genus, by which he pro-
posed to distinguish them, obtained consideral)le addi-
tional interest from the species added to it by Mr.
Broderip, from Mr. Cuming's gleanings in that locality.
The views of De Perussac and Broderip have not been
adopted by Dr. Pfeift'er, but they appear to be very gene-
rally followed by collectors in this country ; and the cha-
racters above recorded for generic purposes render the
species easy of detection.

There is one species, P. auricula, which dift'crs from the
typical character of the group in having two elevated
plaits entering into the aperture, one upon the columella
and another upon the body-whorl, which does not a])pear
to be a modification of the callosity often present in that
part of the shell. It is much smaller in size, and might
prove hereafter to constitute the type of another genus.

Species 1. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)
Paktula rosea. Part, testa pyramidali-ovatd,unihHicat(i,
basiu versus oblique productd, temdculd, anfraelibus
pluno-convexis, spiraliter minute impresso-lineatis, an-
fractu ultimo obsolete angulato, aperturd quadratn-
ovali ; castaneo-rosed, inierdtim luteofasciatd, aperturte
fauce nunc alba, nunc rosea tinctd.
The rose Partula. SheU pyramidally ovate, urabili-
cated, obliquely produced towards the base, rather
thin, whorls flatly convex, spirally minutely ini-
pressly lineated, last whorl oljsoletely angled, aper-
ture squarely oval ; chestnut-rose, sometimes banded
with yellow, interior of the aperture white, or stained
with rose.
Broderip, Pro. Zool. Soe. 18.33, ]). 1:3.5.
Hab. Huaheine, Society Islands ; Cuming.

Distinguished by its acuminated form, which is obso-
letely angled towards the base, then produced somewhat
obliquely. The shell is moreover of light substance, ami
delicately coloured more or less with dark chestnut-rnsr
and yellow.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula brumalis. Part, testa subacumuiato-obloiujd,
umbilicald, anfractibus spiraliter minitte impresso-li-
neatis, aperturd ovatd, columeUd labroque late reflexis ,■
faho-castaned, labro albo.

The W'Interly Partula. Shell somewhat acuminately
oblong, umbilicated, whorls spirally minutely im-
pressly lineated, a))erture ovate, lip and columeila
broadly reflected ; fulvous-chestnut, lip white.

Hab. ?

Closely albed to P. Guamensis. from wliicli it differs in

being of a more oblong acuminateil form ; it is of one

unifonn colour throughout.

Species 3. (Fig. « and 4, Mus. Cuming.)
Partula i.ntlata. Part, testd conico-ovatd, umbilicald,
spird breviusculd, anfractibus valde inflatis, ultimo un-
(jidalo-gibbosis, concentrice rude striatis, spiraliter
iiuiinte iiiipresso-lineatis, lineis undulatis, aperturd
jiiin-/ii.^ci<hi, columelld labroque latissime planirefie.i:is ,-
nllju vel palUde cinnamomed, epidermide tenui indutd,
labro albo.

PART L'LA.— Plate I.

TiiK INTL.VTED Paetula. Shell couically ovate, umbili-
cated, spire rather short, whorls considerably inflated,
last whorl angularly gibbous, concentrically rudely
striated, spirally minutely impressly lineated, lines
slightly waved, aperture rather small, lip and colu-
mella very broadly flatly reflected; white or pale
cinnamon, covered with a thin epidermis, lip white.

liEEVE, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 197, and Conch. Syst.
vol. ii.pl. 175. f. 11, 12.
Buli.mus Tha-sites, Pt'eitl'er.

JM. Sandwich Islands.

Well characterized by its light gibbous inflated growth.

Species 4. (Mus. Cu

I'artula Goamensis. Part, testa ovatd, ventricosu, um-
biUcatd, spird brevkisculd, anfractibus subrotundatk,
spimUter minute impresso-lineaiis, wpertiird subampld ;
iiilriifie castatied, labro purpurmeeute-albo.

Thj Guam Paetula. Shell ovate, ventricose, urabili-
cated, spire rather short, whorls somewhat round,
spirally minutely impressly lineated, aperture rather
large ; dark chestnut, lip purplish-white.

BuUiuHs Giiamemis, Pfeifi'er, Phil. Abbild. und Besch.
Couch. Bid. pi. 4. f. 9.

Hah. Island of Guam, Ladrones.
This species has a swollen appearance, and is of less solid

substance than the following.

Species 5. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)

Paktula paba. Part, testa acnmiuato-oblongd, umbili-
catd, solidiiiscidd, anfractibus subplano-convexis, paucis
primis sub lente minute spiraliter lineatis, columella
late rejiexd, tuberculatd, aperturd subquadrato-ovali,
labro late planirefiexo, intus calloso ; intense castaned
autfulvd,fusco strigatd, interdum nigrifasdatd.

The bean Paetula. Shell acuminately oblong, umbili-
cated, rather solid, whorls somewhat flatly convex,
the first few minutely spii-ally impressly lineated
beneath the lens, columella broady reflected, tuber-
culated, aperture somewhat squarely oval, lip broadly
flatly reflected, callous inwardly ; dark chestnut or
fulvous, streaked with brown, sometimes black-
banded.

SowEBBY, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 144. pi. 38. f. 4.
Limaxfaba, Martyn.
Helix faba, Gmelin.
Juris-Midee fasciata, Chemnitz.
Vohcta fasciata, Dillwyn.
BiiUnms australis, Bruguiere.
Pnrtula australis, Ferussac.
Bulimus faba, Lamarck.
Partula Bnlimoides, Lesson.
Eab. Ulitea, Society Islands (on bushes) ; Cuming.

Remarkable for its solid growth and broadly flattened
lip. It is extremely variable in colour, being dark chest-
nut, or fulvous, or partaking of both colours, and is found
in great abundance.

Fa 7 tu^ a, FLU.

k

(P

4i

^

^

P A R T U L A

Species 6. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cumiug.)

Parti'la radiolata. Part, testa, oblongd, tenniculd,
umhUieatd, basin versus oblique productd, anfractibus
quinqtie, convexis, Uiteis impressi-s spiralibus suhdistan-
tibus ciiiffulatis, columelld late reflexd, plano-appressd,
aperturd oblique ovatd, labro iemciculo, late refle.ro ;
semipellucidd, palUde stramined aid cimtamomeo-rnfes-
cente, lineis opaco-albis oblique prom iscue notatd.

The delicately kayed Paetula. Shell oblong,
ratber thin, uinbilicated, obliquely produced towards
the base, whorls iive in number, convex, encircled
with rather distant spii-al impressed lines, columella
lirnadly reflected, flatly appressed, aperture obliquely
ovate, lip rather thin, broadly reflected ; semitrans-
parent, pale straw-colour or cinnamon-red, promiscu-
ously marked w'ith oblique opake-wliite lines.

Biilimus radiolatus, Pfeiff'er, Pro. Zool. Soc. 184.6, p. 39.

IJab. Island of Guam, Ladrones (on bushes) ; Cuming.
Au extremely delicate species, of a light straw-colour, or

pale cinnamon-red, profusely obliquely marked with fine

opake-white lines.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula lineata. Part, testd acicminato-oblongd, umbi-
licatd, teituicidd, anfractibus sex, spiraUter tenuissimii
impresso-striatis ; fulvesceute, subpellucidd,fasciis dua-
bus castaiieis distantibus cinr/ulatd.

The lineated Partula. Shell acuminately oblong, um-
bilicated, rather thin, whorls six in number, spirally
very finely irapressly striated ; light fidvous, subtrans-
parent, encircled with two distant chestnut bands.

Lesson, Voyage de la Coqiulle, p. 324. pi. 7.f. S, 9.

Hab. Friendly Islands.

The lower of the two w'idely separated chestnut bauds

which encircle this species is only seen on the last whorl.

Species S. (Fig. 8 a, and 10, Mus. Cuming.)
Partula amabilis. Fart, testd pi/ramidali-ablonyd, si-
nistrorsd, subtiirritd, vix mnbilicatd, anfractibus sex,
conve.vis, oblique tenuistriatis, ad suturas obscure sub-
tilissime cn-nulatis ; fulcescente, castaneo conspiciie
latifasciatd, iuterdum aurantio-fulvescente, apicem ver-
April,

sus cvimit; rosed, apertune labro iuterdum ticido-pur-
purascenle.

The lovely Paetula. Shell pyramidally oblong, sinis-
tral, somewhat tuiTeted, scarcely umbilicated, whorls
six in number, convex, obliquely finely striated, ob-
scurely very finely crenulated at the sutures ; fulvous,
conspicuously broadly banded with chestnut, some-
times orange-fulvous, tinged with rose towards the
apex, lip sometimes livid purple.

Bulimus uMubiUs, Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. IS-IG, p. 38.

Hab. Island of Annaa ; Captain Eohr.

The fine spiral impressed lines which characterize most

of the species are absent in this.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula densilineata. Part, testd acuminato-conicd,
tenuiculd, tmibiUcatd, spirce suturis impressis, anfrac-
tibus superne subplanulatis et tenuimarginaiis, inferni
rotuudatis ant leciter ancjulatis, columelld plano-refiexd,
obsolete plica/ii, iiperturd ovatd, labro parum rejiexo ;
albicante, lineis ohliquis ferrurjineis cinereisque densi.i-
sirne pictd.

The thickly-lixeated Partula. Shell acuminately
conical, rather thin, umbiUeated, sutures of the spire
impressed, whorls rather flattened and finely margined
at the upper part, rounded and slightly angled at the
lower, columella flatly reflected, obsoletcly plicate,
aperture ovate, lip but httle reflected ; whitish, very
thickly painted with oblique rust and ash lines.

m,b. '?

The lip of this shell, the only example of the species
known to me, is scarcely mature. The linear painting is
discontinued before reaching the umbilicus.

Species 10. (Fig. 8 b, Mus. Cuming.)
Partula isabellina. Part, testd oblongd, crassd, um-
bilicatd, anfractibus qidnque, convexis, oblique striatis,
apicem versus, sub lente, tenuissime spiraUter impresso-
lineatis, columelld incrassatd, plicato-gibbd, callositate
superne munitd, aperturd oblique productd, labro cal-
loso-refiexo ; sordideftavicante, labro albo.
The soiled Partula. Shell cbloug, thick, umbilicated,
whorls five in number, convex, obliquely striated,
very finely spirally impressly lineated towards the
1850.

PARTULA.— Plate II.

apex beneath the lens, columella thickened, furnished
above with a callosity, plicately gibbous, aperture
obliquely produced, lip callously reflected ; dull yel-
lowish, lip white.

Bidimm mibdUnus, Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1846, p. 39.

Hah. ?

Of this species also only a single specimen is yet known.
It is allied to the following, but is essentially distinguished
by its more oblong form.

Species 11. (Tig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)
Partula Otaheitana. Part, testa globoso-conicd, cras-
sissimd, interdum mnistrorsd, umbilicatd, anfractihus
quinque, convexis, Icsvibus, a/picem ve9'sus, sub lente,
teuuismme impresso-lineatis, columella incrassata, cal-
losltate sape superne mimitd, aperturd anriculatd, lahro

valde calloso ; castaned, aut luted, aiit castaneo hdeoque
fasciatd, labro albo.

The Otaheite Partula. Shell globose, conical, very
thick, umbilicated, sometimes sinistral, whorls five
in number, convex, smooth, very finely impressly
lineated towards the apex beneath the lens, columella
thickened, often furnished with a callosity above,
aperture auriculated, lip very callous ; chestnut, or
yellow, or chestnut and yellow banded, lip white.

BuUiims Otalieitamis, Bruguiere, Enc. Meth. vol. i. p. 347.
Helix perversa, Chemnitz.
Eadem varietas. Partula aimculata, Broderip.

Hab. Society Islands.

An extremely variable species, of which Pig. 13 a, b, in

the next plate, represents its most slender form, and the

figures which accompany this description its most gibbous

state, with callosity, constituting Mr. Broderip's P. auri-

cidata.

Fartiila J'l.lll.

I

%

%'

^

4

PARTULA.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)
P.\KTULA RUBESCENS. Part, testd acuminatO'oblongd,
crassiimculd, sinistrorsd, compresse umhilicatd, anfrac-
tibus sex, laviius, snhrotundatis, cohtmelld labroque
planireflexls ; rosacea, apicem versus rubro-ftiscd.
The pink Partula. Sliell acuminately oblong, rather
tkick, sinistral, compressly umbilicated, whorls six in
number, smooth, somewhat rounded, lip and colu-
mella broadly reflected ; pink, red-brown towards the
apex.

Hai. ?

This species, of which Mi-. Cuming possesses three
specimens, is larger than P. rosea, and of more solid acu-
minated growth.

Fig. 13 a, b. (Mus. Cuming.)
Paktula Otaiieitana. The shcUs here figured re-
present the sinistral and more slender state of the above-
named species, described in the preceding plate. This
variety has been erroneously labelled in collections P. aiis-
tralis, which is only another name of P.faba.
For Species 13, see Plate IV.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula hyalina. Part, testd oblongd, vix nmbiUcatd,
anfractibus sex, oblique leBvissime subrudi sfriafis, Imeis
spiraUbiis impressis minute et creberrimi sculptd ; pel-
lucido-albd.

The hyaline Partula. Shell oblong, scarcely umbili-
cated, whorls six in number, obUquely very lightly
but rudely striated, and minutely very closely en-
graved with impressed lines ; transparent white.

Bboderip, Pro. Zool. 3oc. 1832, p. 32.

Hah. Tiunaco, Society Islands (on the Ti plant) ; Cuming.
A delicate pellucid bluish-white shell, elaborately carved,

beneath the lens, with spiral impressed lines.

Species 15. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Partula gibba. Fart, testd ovato-comcd, basin versus
ffibbd et late inflald, umhilicatd, spird brevi, acutd, an-
fractibus quingue, convexis, sub lerde spiraliter creber-

rime impresso-lineatis, aperturd subquadrato-ovali,
oblique productd ; Jlavicante, apicem versus rosed, vel
cinered, suturis alhis.

The gibbous Partula. Shell ovately conical, gibbous
and broadly inflated towards the base, umbilicated,
spire short, sharp, whorls five in number, convex,
spirally very closely impressly lineated beneath the
lens, aperture somewhat squarely ovate, obliquely
produced ; yellowish, tinged with rose towards the
apex, or ash, sutures white.

Ferussac, Prodrome, p. 66.
Bulimus ffibbus, Quoy.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (on plants); Quoy and Gaimard.

There are two very distinct varieties of tliis species ; one
of pale yellow tipped with rose, the other of an uniform
ash-colour, in which the white sutures are more conspi-
cuous.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)
Partula Ganymedes. Part, testd oblonyu-conicd, tenui-
culd, umhilicatd, anfractibus quinque, convexis, oblique
leviter subrude striatis, litieis spiralibus impressis mi-
mdissime et creberrime sub lente sculptis, aperturd
subquadrato-ovali, coluinelld labroque late planirejiexis ;
alhd, suhpellucidd, fascia unicd castaned cingulatd, epi-
dermide tenuissimd indutd.
Ganymede's Partula. Shell oblong-conical, rather
tliin, umbilicated, whorls five in number, convex,
obliquely lightly somewhat rudely striated, very mi-
nutely and closely sculptured, beneath the lens, with
impressed lines, aperture somewhat squarely ovate,
lip and columella broadly flatly reflected ; white,
somewhat transparent, eneh-cled with a single chest-
nut band, covered with a very thin fugacious epi-
dermis.
Bulimus Ganymedes, Pfeitt'er, Pro. Zool. Soc. ISKJ, p. 3',).
Hab. Society Islands.

Only the upper edge of the chestnut baud is left visible
in the first four whorls of this very elegant and charac-
teristic species.

Species 17. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)
Partula varia. Part, testd acuminato-ovatd, tenuiculd,

April, 1850.

PARTULA.— Plate III.

compresse umbilicatd, anfraciibus quinque, convexis,
lavibus, niieniibvs, nisi sub lente mintdissime spiraliter
impresso-lineatis, aperturd subquadraio-ovatd, obliqud;
flavicante, aut purpureo-castmwd, autfavicanie et pur-
pureo-castaneo fasciatd, labro colore ititerdim tincio,
apice sape nigricante.
The variable Paktcla. Shell acuminately ovate,
rather thin, compressly umbilicated, whorls five in
number, convex, smooth, shining, unless very mi-
nutely spirally impressly lineated beneath the lens,

aperture somewhat squarely ovate, oblique ; yel-
lowish, or piurple-chestnut, or yellow and purple-
chestnut banded, lip sometimes stained with colour,
apex often blackish.

Brodekip, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 125.

Hab. Society and Navigator's Islands (on bushes); Cuming.
Dr. Pfeiffer regards this species as a variety of P. rosea.

Both species are extremely variable in their colouring, but

the species and their varieties are clearly distinct the one

series from the other.

Fartuhc,TLir.

i

k

w

^^^

Pvpeve BeivKam i. 1

PARTULA

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partul.\ C.\rteretensis. Part. iesUl ohlmgo-omld,
compressi mnbilicatd, anfractibus convexis, oblique irre-
gulariter striatk, lineis inipressis spiralibus minute
sculptis, aperturd ovatd, marginibus lamina tenuissimd
callosd junctis ; semipellucido-albd, fulvo tinctd.

The Port Carteret Paetula. Shell oblong-ovate,
compressly umbilicated, whorls convex, obliquely
in-egularly striated, minutely sculptured with im-
pressed spiral Hues, aperture ovate, margins joined
by a thin callous lamina ; semitransparent white,
fulvous-stained.

Helix Carteriensis, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrol.
vol. ii. p. 117. pl. 9. f. 10, 11.
Bulimus Carteriensis, Pfeiffer.

Hab. Port Cai-teret, New Ireland, Pacific Ocean ; Quoy.

Allied to P. hyalina, but of a more compressed oblong
form and of a substance rather more opake.

Species 18. (Fig. a, 4, Mus. Cuming.)

Partula auricula. Part, testa obloiiffo-conicd, solidius-
culd, basin versus oblique productd, subumbilicatd, an-
fractibus planiconvexii, lavibus, ultimo basi obsolete
carinato, aperturd subquadrato-ovali, laminis duabus
promiiientibus erectis iiitranlibus muuifd ; albd, nunc
luteo, mine rufo-fusco civgulatd.

The ear Partula. Shell oblong-conical, rather solid,
obliquely produced towards the base, slightly umbi-
licated, whorls flatly convex, smooth, last whorl ob-
soletely keeled, aperture somewhat squarely ovate,
with two prominent erect lamina? entering into it ;
white, encii-cled sometimes with yellow, sometimes
with red-brown.

Ferussac, Prodrome, p. 66.

Partula Dumartroyi, Souleyet.
Juricula OwaiJdensis, Chamisso.
Bulimus auricula, Pfeiifer.
Eadem sinistrorsa.

Auricula sinistrorsa, Chamisso.
Bulimus armatus, Mighels.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

The chief peculiarity of this httle species consists in

the presence of two sharp erect laminae, which enter the

aperture, one on the columella, and another on the body-
whorl, which is not a modification of the callosity often
present in that part of the shell.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula gonocheila. Part, testa subabbreviuto-omtd,
ventricosd, compresse umbilicatd, anfractibus rotundatis,
oblique irregulariter striatis, lineis inipressis spiralibus
minute sculptis, aperturd ovatd, columella labroque
late planireflexh, labro superne leviter contracio ; semi-
pellucido-fulvd, epidermide tenuissimd, interdum hifas-
ciatd, indutd.

The angle-lipped Partula. Shell somewhat abbre-
viately ovate, ventricose, compressly umbilicated,
whorls rounded, obliquely in-egularly striated, mi-
nutely sculptured with spii-al impressed lines, aper-
ture ovate, lip and columella broadly flatly reflected,
lip a little contracted at the upper part ; semitrans-
parent fulvous, covered with a very slight epidermis,
sometimes disposed in two bands.

Pfeiffer, MS. (Mus. Cuming).

Hab. Navigators' Islands, Pacific Ocean.

A somewhat globose semitransparent shell, with an

extremely delicate epidermis, which is partly bi-meni-

branous and hydrophanous in bands.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula compressa. Part, testd acuminato-oblonyd,
crassiusculd, basin versus oblique productd, subampUler
compresse umbilicatd, anfractibus convexis, oblique stria-
tis, vix spiraliter lineatis, anfractu ultimo basi rotuu-
dato-angulato, aperturd oblongd, labro declivi-refie.co,
superne leviter contracio; intense castaned, labro et
aperturce fauce livido-purpureis.

The compressed Partula. Shell aeuminately obloug,
rather thick, obliquely produced towards the base,
rather largely compressly umbilicated, whorls convex,
obliquely striated, very slightly spii-aUy lineated, last
whorl rotundately angled at the base, aperture ob-
long, lip reflected in a slanting direction, a little
contracted at the upper part ; dark chestnut -brown,
lip and interior of the aperture livid purple.

Pfeiffer, MS. (Mus. Cumiug).

Hab. Society Islands.

May, 1850.

PARTULA.— Plate IV.

The compressed form of this shell is characteristic, and
) also is the livid-purple colouring of the interior.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula Navigatoria. Vart. testa oblongo-ovatd, cras-
siusadd, medio ventricoad, angtiste umbilicatd, anfrac-
tibus subriide oblique strialis, vix spiraliter lineaiis,
aperturd auriculaid, columella labroque late calloso-re-
fiexis ; fulvo-castaned, lahro albido.

The Navigator Partula. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
thick, slightly ventricose in the middle, nan-owly um-
bilicated, whorls somewhat rudely striated, scarcely
spii'ally lineated, apertui-e auriculate, the lip and
columella being broadly callously reflected ; fulvous
chestnut, lip white.

Pfeiffer, MS. (Mus. Cuming).

Hab. Navigators' Islands.

The apertm-e of this species, which may be distinguished

by its oblong-oval form, slightly ventricose in the middle

only, is veiy similar to that of P. Otaheitaiui.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula solidula. Tart, tesid acuminato-ovatd, sub-
gibbosd, compresse umbilicatd, soliduld, anfractibits
planiconvexis, oblique irregulariter striatis, Uneis spi-
ralibus impressis minute sculptis, aperturd atiricnlatd,
columella labroque late calloso-rejlexis ; stramined,
apice inierdum ru/escente, labro a/bo.

The solid Partula. Shell acuminately ovate, rather
gibbous, compressly umbdicated, soUd, whorls flatly
convex, obliquely irregidarly striated, minutely sculp-
tui'ed with spiral impressed lines, aperture auriculate,
the lip and columella being broadly callously reflected ;
straw-colour, sometimes reddish at the apex.

Hab. Society Islands.

A solid subtransparent shell, having the character and
substance of P. Otaheitana with the form and coloui'ing of
P. gibba ; excepting that the whorls are not crowned
with the white sutural baud which is constant in that
species.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)
Partula decussatula. Part, testa subabbreviato-uvatd,
tenui, injtatd, aitfractibus quatuor, convexis, striis
obliquis luieisque spiraliius impressis eximie decussatis.

aperturd suicontradd, rotundato-ovatd, labro pariaii
reflexo ; pellucido-albd.

The decuss.ated Partula. Shell somewhat abbre-
viately ovate, thin, inflated, whorls four in number,
convex, faintly decussated with oblique striae and
spii-al impressed lines, aperture rather contracted,
rotundately ovate, lip but little reflected; trans-
parent white.

Pfeiffer, MS. (Mus. Cuming).

Hab. ?

A thinner and more inflated shell than P. hyaliiia, and
equally transparent.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula spadicea. Part, testd acuminato-oblongd, ten-
uiculd, compresse umbilicatd, anfraciibus convexis, striis
obliquis lineisque spiralibv^ impressis eximie decussatis,
aperturd ovatd, parviusculd, columelld plano-appressd,
labro declivi-rejlexo ; pelltwido-spadiced, labro albido.

The fawn Partula. Shell acuminately oblong, rather
thin, compressly umbOicated, whorls convex, faintly
decussated with oblique strife and spiral impressed
lines, aperture ovate, rather small, columella flatly
appressed, Up reflected in a slanting direction ; trans-
parent fawn-colour, lip whitish.

Hab. Marquesas Islands.

A delicate subtransparent shell, of a uniform trans-
parent fawn-colour.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Partula Hebe. Part, testd abbreviato-conicd, globosd,
gibbosd, soliduld, umbilicatd, anfractibus rotundatis,
striis obliquiis subrugosis lineisque spiralibus impressis
decussatd, aperturd orbiculari, callositate erectd supra
colmiiellam, columelld labroqiie calloso-rejlexis ; semi-
pellucido-albd.
Uebe's Partula. Shell abbreviately conical, globose,
gibbous, rather solid, umbUicated, whorls rounded,
decussated with rather rough oblique stria? and
spiral impressed lines, aperture orbicular, with an
erect callosity above the columella, lip and columella
callously reflected ; semitransparent white.
Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1846. p. 39.
Hab. Society Islands.

Distinguished by its short globose manner of convo-
lution.

P A R T U L A .

araal)ilis (Bui.), Lesson II.

auricula, Fe'nissac . IV.

auriculata, Brod II.

brumalis, Reeve I.

Bulimoides, Lessou I.

Carteretensis (/Zf/Af). Q.uoy I^ •

compressa {Bid.), Pfr IV.

decussatula {Bui.), Pfr IV.

densilineata, Eeuve II.

Dumartroyi, Souleyet IV.

falia (Limax), Martyn I.

Ganyiuedes {Bui.), Pfr III.

gibba (Bid.), Quoy III.

o-ouochcila (BuL), Pfr IV.

Guameusis {BuL), Pfr I. ' 4

Hebe {BuL), Pfr IV. 35

hyalina, Broderip III. 14

inflata, Reeve I. 3

isabeUina {BuL), Pfr II. 10

liueata, Lesson II. 7

Navigatoria {BuL), Pfr IV. 21

Otalieilana (i5«/.), Bnig II. 11

radiolata {BuL), Pfr II. 6

rosea, Broderip I. 1

rubeseens, Reeve III. 12

solidula, Reeve IV. 22

spadicea, Reeve IV. 24

varia, Broderip III. 17

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

ACHATINELLA

Nature, that formed us of four elements,
Warring within our breasts for regiment,
1 )oth teach us all to have aspiring minds ;
(Jur souls, whose faculties can comprehend
The wondrous architecture of the world,
Still climbing after knowledge intinitc,
Will us to wear ourselves and never rest.
Until we reach the ripest fruit of all. — Marlu,

ActuitirulU,FL.I.

1

4

4

,BatAaTp. fc B.CBVf ...ij

ACHATINELLA.

Genus ACHATINELLA, Swahmn.
Testa parvimcnla, conica, aut s'mistrorsa aut dextrorsa,
hand umbilicata, anfractibus plermnque sex ad sepiem
et lavihus, columella brevi, late appressa, callosa et
saphsimi contortd, aperturd parvlusculd, labro sim-
plici, biterdmn sitbincrassato, nuiiqicam rejlexo.
Shell rather small, conical, either sinistral or dextral, not
umbilicated, whorls generally six to seven in number
and smooth, columella short, broadly appressed,
callous and mostly twisted, aperture rather small,
lip simple, sometimes rather thickened, never re-
flected.
The gaily painted shells which form the subject of
the present monograph have an especial claim to the
honour of being ranked as a genus. They are nearly all
of an uniform size and sijbstance, they are characterized
by the same plan of convolution, of from six to seven
whorls, never umbilicated, by a similar vivid design of
colom-ing, and by a peculiarly callous twisted plicate
structure of the columella ; the genus is, moreover, confined
to one particular isolated locality, the Sandwich Islands.
An exception must, however, be made in part to these
remarks, in reference to three small horny species, A. cla-
rus, pyramis, and corneola, placed in the genus by Dr.
Pfeiffer, which are more nearly allied to the Glaiidim
division of the Acltat'uia, and might be appropriately re-
moved hence.

The generic character of AchutineUa was observed about
the same time by Swainson in England, and by Fcrussac
in France ; the former in his descriptions and figures of
new species in the ' Zoological Illustrations,' and the
latter in a plate devoted to the few species then known
to him, towards the close of his great work on the terres-
trial mollusca. The Achafiiiella were also noted in the
United States about the same period by Professor Green, of
Philadelphia, in a short memoir communicated to the Mac-
lurian Lyceum of that city ; and some important species
were subsequently contributed by Professor Mighels and
Dr. Gould, of that rising seat of scientific learning, Boston,
Massachusetts.

None of the Achathiella were known to Linnanis ; nor
even to Chemnitz, until the completion of his great work.
In the last plate of the Conchylien Cabinet there is a
figure of A. perversa, under the generic name of Turbo, and
in a plate just preceding that, is a figure of A. lugtibris,
referred to the same marine genus. Lamarck had no more

Mav,

acquaintance with the AchatinelltB than Chemnitz. The
same species which came under the observation of
Chemnitz, A. lugubris, was observed by Lamarck, who,
supposing it, like him, to belong to a mollusk of salt-water
habits on account of its polished substance, referred it in
error to the same marine family, independently of any
knowledge that his Monodonta semin'ujra and the Turbo
lugubris of the Conchylien Cabinet were one and the
same thing.

In the valuable monograph of this genus lately pub-
lished by Dr. Pfeifl'er, there are some points in which I
find occasion to differ from him. A. bicoJor, Jay, does
not participate in the essential characters of the genus,
and is refen-ed to Achatina. A.pUcata is a very abnormal
form, having little if any indication of the callous twisted
columella, whilst it is of a ditt'erent substance from the
rest of the species, and the only one with any external
I'aised sculpture, but this I have allowed to remain ; as
also the three horny species already mentioned partaking
of the Glandina type. A. BuUmoides, Swainson, is dis-
tinct from A. lorata, Eernssac, and both dLB'er essentially
from A. miistelina, Mighels. A. Steicarti cannot be safely
regarded as a variety of A. vidpina, nor is Swainson's
../. perversa identical with Fcrussac's A. decora. The
species are extremely variable throughout in colour, but
it is important not to throw too many of them together on
this account, whilst each, regarded strictly, appears to be
characterized by regularity of form and general unity of
design.

As already noted in regard to the geographical position
of the genus, the AcUalinelhe are confined to the Sand-
wich Islands, where they represent the Achatina or
BuUmi of the continent.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

ACHATINELLA. NUBILOSA. Achat, testa omdo-oblougd,
dextrorsa, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter pli-
cato-striatis, ad suturas leviter cremlatis, colmrielld uni-
plicatd, plica compressd, Tmrginali ; carueo-stramined,
Jlammis tdgricante-olivaceis irregulariler striata et re-
ticidatd, apice rubente-fusod, aperturee fauce albicante.

The clouded Achatinella. Shell ovately oblong,
dextral, whorls rounded, longitudinally plicately stri-
ated, slightly crcnulated at the sutures, cohunella
furnished with a single compressed marginal ]ilait ;

ACHATINELLA.— Plate I.

flesh-tinged straw-colour, irregularly striated and re-
ticulated with blackish-olive flames, interior of the
aperture whitish.

MiGEELS, Pro. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 1845, p. 20.

Hah. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.

Elegantly streaked and reticidated with dark olive upon

a warm cream-yellow ground, very promiscuously clouded

in some specimens, as in J. pic/a and veituda.

Species 2. (Kg. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)

AcHATlNELLA PALLIDA. Achat, testd aeuminato-ovatd,
soUdlusculd, anfractibus plano-convexis, oblique subrude
striatis, superne marginatis, sulco suturk subremoto,
columella brevi, late callosd; albd,fusco vel castaneo-
nigricaiite plus minus fasciatd, columella labroque fus-
cescente-carneis.

The pale Achatinella. Shell acuminately ovate,
rather solid, whorls flatly convex, obliquely some-
what rudely striated, margined round the upper part,
the groove being rather distant from the sutures,
columella short, broadly callous ; white, more or less
banded with brown or chestnut-black, lip and colu-
mella brownish-flesh.

XuTTALL, Jay's Catalogue of Shells, 1839, p. 58.
Eadem var. Acliatinella alba, NuttaU.

Hab. Wahoo, Sandwich Islands ; Nuttall.

Allied to A. decora, from which it is distinguished by
its more acuminated and less ventricose form.

Species 3. (Fig. 3, 4, 5, Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinella virgulata. Achat, testd oblonffo-ovatd,
veutricosd, aut sinistrorsu aul dextrorsd, anfractibus
medio plano-convexii, superne tumidiusculis, lineis spi-
ralibus et obliquis undiqne minute decussatis, columella
callosd; albidd aut lacted, viltis castaneis, nunc an-
guslis, nunc latiusculis, cingulatd, fascia conspicud
purpureo-fuscd prope ad apicem.
The striped Achatinella. Shell oblong-ovate, ven-
tricose, either sinistral or dextral, whorls flatly convex
in the middle, rather swollen round the upper part,
minutely decussated throughout with spiral and
oblique lines, columella callous; white or cream-
colour, encircled with chestnut fillets, promiscuously
broad or narrow, and a conspicuous dark purple-
brown band near the apex.
Parlula virgulata, Mighels, Pro. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc.
1845, p. 20.

Achatinella Rohri, Pfeiifer.
Bulimus Rohri, Pfeiffer.
Eadem var. Bulimus insignis, Mighels.
Hah. Sandwich Islands (on bushes) ; Eohr.

This fine species, which has been referred in turn to the
genera Partula and Bulimus, belongs unquestionably to the
•4C11U3 under consideration, for which it is well characterized

by its peculiarity of form, structm-e of lip and columella,
and design of painting.

For Species 4 and 5, see PL VI.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella loeata. Achat, testd ovato-conicd, dex-
trorsd, soUdiusculd, anfractibus plano-convexis, lavibus,
ad s7ituras marginatis, columella brevi, late appressd,
callosd, apertitrd parviusculd ; castaneo-brunned, sutu-
ris saturatioribus,fascid unicd albd cingulatd.

The belted Achatinella. Shell ovately conical,
dextral, rather solid, whorls flatly convex, smooth,
margined at the sutures, columella short, broadly
appressed, callous, aperture rather small ; chestnut-
brown, encLi'cled with a single white band.

Helix {Cochlogena) lorata, Ferussac, Hist. Moll. pi. 155.
f. 9-11.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

A. mustelina and Butimoides, which Dr. Pfeiffer quotes

as synonyms of this species, are certainly distinct.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinella t.eniolata. Achat, testd ovatd, dextror-
sd, subventrieosd, anfractibus convexis, lavibus, colu-
mella brevi, late appressd, aperturd parviusculd ; al-
bidd, fusco varie fasciatd.
The filleted Achatinella. Shell ovate, dextral,
rather ventricose, whorls convex, smooth, columella
short, broadly appressed, aperture rather small ;
whitish, variously banded with brown.
Pfeiffek, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1846. p. 38.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.

About intermediate in its characters between the fore-
going species and that which follows.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinella Bulimoides. Achat, testd ovatd, dextror-
sd, ventricosd, soUdiusculd, anfractibus convexis, lavi-
bus, superne marginatis, columella brevi, latissime ap-
pressd, callosd; albidd, atifractuum parte inferiori cas-
taneo-brunned.
The Bdlimus-like Achatinella. Shell ovate, dextral,
ventricose, rather solid, whorls convex, smooth,
margined round the upper part, columella short,
very broadly appressed, callous ; whitish, lower part
of the whorls chestnut-brown.
SWAINSON, Zool. Illus. 2nd Series, vol. ii. pi. 108. f. 1.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Larger and more ventricose than either of the two pre-
ceding allied species, it differs more especially from the
latter, which it most resembles in form, in having the
whorls margined next the sutures.

Ac/lull fuil a PI n.

W

4

f

>^'

r?^

SoweAy ii:^ ^ lik"h

T.etve Berilam fe Reeve imp

ACHATINELLA.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

AcHATiNELLA viTTATA. AcJiat. testd dextrorsd, fjlohoso-
conicd, suliveutricosd, anfradibus superne sublate mar-
ginatis, columella callosd, vix dentatd, labro snhincras-
sato ; albd, liiieis vittuque pallide fuscescentilms cin-
gulatd, apice nigra.

The filleted Achatinella. Shell dextral, globosely
conical, rather ventricose, whorls rather broadly mar-
ginated round the upper part, columella callous,
scarcely toothed, lip rather thickened ; white, en-
circled with lines and fillets of pale brown, black at
the apex.

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

This approaches so closely to the sinistral species A. de-
cora that it might readily be taken for a dextral variety.
The whorls are more rounded and more distinctly margined
beneath the sutures. The painting is very similar, but
mostly dai'ker next the sutures.

Species 10. (Fig. a and b. Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella lugubeis. Achat, testd subacute conicd,
dextrorsd, basin versus ventricosd, anfractibus superne
margitiatis, columelld brevi, callosd, dentatd, labro sub-
incrassato ; purpureo-nigrd, apice albd, vel albd, nigro
aut fusco fasciatd et lineatd.

The mouening Achatinella. Shell rather sharply
conical, dextral, ventricose towards the base, whorls
margined round the upper part, columella short,
callous, toothed, lip somewhat thickened; purple-
black, white at the apex, or white, liueated and
banded with brown or black.

Turbo luguhris, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. xi. p. 278.
pi. 309. f. 3059, 3060.
Helix {CocJdogena) luguhiis, Ferussac.
Monodonta seminigra, Lamarck.
Bulimus seminiger, Menke.
Achatinella pica, Swainson.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Lamarck, mistaking this f«r a marine species, described
it as a Monodonta fi'om the shores of Tahiti, where the
natives use the shell for making necklaces. It is mainly
distinguished by its sharply conical form.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella suffusa. Achat, testd oblongo-ovatd, u-
nistrorsu, anfractibus convexis, subrude obsolete slria-
tis, columelld contorto-plicatd, aperturd simplici ; roseo-
albicante, apice fusco-rubente, aperturce fauce carnto-
rosed.

The blushing Achatinella. Shell oblong-ovate, si-
nistral, whorls convex, somewhat rudely obsoletely
striated, columella with a twisted plait, aperture
simple ; pinkish-white, brown-red at the apex, in-
terior of the aperture flesh-pink.

Huh. ?

A delicately coloured species, partaking very much of
the character of Bulimus, the whorls being less smoothly
polished than usual and not margined at the sutures. It
resembles A. rosea in general aspect, but is a different
kiudofsheU.

Species 13. (Fig. a and h. Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella decoea. Achat, testd globoso-conicd, ven-
tricosd, sinistrorsd, columelld brevi, lata, plano-callosd,
labro subincrassato ; albd, fasciis lineisque castaneis et
iiigris varie pictd, columelld lahroque purpurascente
tinctis.

The handsome Ach.vtinella. Shell globosely conical,
ventricose, sinistral, columella short, broad, tlatly
callous, lip somewhat thickened; white, variously
banded with chestnut and black bands and lines, lip
and columella stained with light pui-ple.

Feeussac, Hist. Moll. pi. 155. f. 5 and 7.
Achatinella vestita, Mighels.

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

Distinguished by its globose ventricose gi-owth, stripetl
painting, and light purple colouring of the lip and colu-
mella. Ferussae's Fig. 6 represents a distinct species,
A. perversa, Swainson.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella peoducta. Achat, testd subelongato-co-
nicd, dextrorsd, anfractibus convexis, ad suturas leviter
marginatis, columelld conspicue calloso-dentatd, aper-
turd parvimculd ; olivaceo-viridi, apice, columella, et
aperturce fauce albis.

The puolonged Achatinella. Shell somewhat elou-
gately conical, dextral, whorls convex, slightly mar-

April, 1850.

ACHATINELLA.— Plate II.

gined at the sutm-es, columella conspicuously cal-
lous-toothed, apes rather small; olive-green, apex,
columella, and interior of the aperture white.

Hub. Sandwich Islands.

Chiefly distinguished by its elougately conical form, and

liarht olive-green colouring.

Species 14. (Mus. Cmning.)

AcHA'i'iNELLA PERVERSA. Acliat. testa globoso-conicd,
siiiktrorsd, apkem versus subacuminatd, columella cal-
losd, plam-dentatd, labro mbmcrassato ; olivaceo-fuscd,
lineis vitHdi-niffrieaniibus spiralibus et obliquis mbir-
regnlariter decussatd, supra et infra sukiras opaco-albu.

The reversed Achatinella. Shell globosely conical,
sinistral, rather acuminated towards the apex, colu-
mella callous, flatly toothed, lip somewhat thickened ;
olive-brown, rather irregularly decussated with spii-al
and oblique greenish-black lines, opake-white above
and below the sutui-es.

Swain'son, Zool. Illus. Second Series, pi. 99. f.'2.
Turbo lugubris sinistrorsus, Chemnitz.
A. decora, var. Pfeift'er.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

The opake white sutures are very characteristic in this

species, and it has moreover a peculiar cross-lined style of

painting. De Ferussac figured it with A. decora, and Dr.

Pfeift'er quotes it as a variety of that species.

Species 15. (Mus. Cimiing.)

Acil.iTiNELLA SIJIULANS. Achat, testd globoso-conicd,

siiiktrorsd, apicem versus acutd, anfractibus superiie

roitspicue marginatu, columelld brevi, plano-callosd ;

nlhd, lineis perpaucis fuscescentibus citu/ulatd, fascia

intense fused circa columellam, columelld labroque
pallida purpnrascentibus.

The allied Achatinella. Shell globosely conical,
sinistral, sharp towards the apex, whorls conspicu-
ously margined at the sutures, columella short, flatly
callous; wliite, encircled with a very few light
brown lines, with an intense brown band around the
columella, lip and columella tinged with light purple.

Hab. — -?

The colouring of this species is so like that o{ A. decora,
that it might be taken for a variety ; yet it diifers in form,
the spii-e being more acuminated, and the last whorl not
so broad and ventricose.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella spirizona. Achat, testd elongato-conicd,
dextrorsd, subumbilicatd, anfractibus septem ad octo,
convexis, obliqiie plicaio-striatis, striis ad suturas sub-
rudibus, columella contorto-plicatd, aperturd parvius-
cnld; intense bruimed, zona albd infra suturas, epi-
dermide temd fuscescente indutd.

The spiral-zoned Achatinella. Shell elougately
conical, dextral, slightly umbilicated, whorls seven to
eight in number, convex, obliquely plicately stri-
ated, strife somewhat rude at the sutures, columella
with a twisted plait, aperture rather smaU ; intense
brown, with a white zone beneath the sutures,
covered with a thin brownish epidermis.

Ferussac, Hist. Moll.pl. 155. f. 14, 15.
Achatinella acuta, Swainson.

Hab. Oahu, Sandwich

This and A. turritella represent an abnormal form ol'
the genus, differing from the type in having more whorls
and in not possessing a similarly polished painted exterior.

ArhalunJI,,. I'l III .

k

#

h

ACHATINELLA.

Species 17. (Mus. Cumiug.)

AcHATiXELLA BELLA. Achat, testct conicd, dextrorsd,
unfraclibus subventricosis, columelld contorio-pUcatd ;
oUvaceo-luted, swturis nigro-fuscis, deinde albifasciatd,
nnfractu ultimo in/erne fiisco et alio fasciato.

The pretty Achatinella. Shell conical, dextral,
whorls rather ventricose, columella with a twisted
plait ; olive-yellow, sutui'es black-brown, then white-
banded, last whorl brown and white-banded.

Had. Motokai, Sandwich Islands.

Ml-. Cuming possesses several specimens of this pretty
species of immature growth. The dark sutural band is
sometimes absent in the last whorl, but the white band
appears constant.

Species 18. (Mas. Cuming.)

.ViuiATiNELLA coLORATA. Aclutt. testd oUoiKjo-conkd,
dcxtronil, atifracllhm jilaHo-coiivexis, columelld coii-
torto-plicatd, aperiiird pand ; luted, viridi lati/as-
. cititd, auturis nhjro-fusch, columelld pallide rosacea.

The coloured Achatinella. Shell oblong-conical,
dextral, whorls flatly convex, columella with a twisted
plait, aperture small ; yellow, encircled with a very
broad green band, sutures black-brown, columella
light pink.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Characterized, like A. pulckerruiia, by a dark sutural line
within the sutui-e, liut of a less elongated form. The
ground-colour is a bright yeUow, and each whorl is
painted with a broad bright green band.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinell.\. abbreviata. Ac/tat. testd ovatd, subveii-
tricosd, dextrorsd, anfractibus convexis, superne ritargi-
natis, spird breviusculd, apice obtusd, columelld callosd,
coiitortd; olivaceo-lided, lined nigro-fuscd ad sutwras,
anfraciunm parte ivferiori nigricante-viridi.
The shortened Achatinella. Shell ovate, somewhat
ventricose, dextral, whorls convex, margined round
the upper part, spire rather short, obtuse at the apex,
columella callous, twisted ; olive-yellow, with a
black -brown line at the sutures, lower part of the
last whorl very dark green, apex black.

April

The form of this species is again distinct from either of
the preceding.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella olivacea. Achat, testd oblongo-conicd,
sinistrorsd, anfractibus convexis, superne iemdmargina-
tis, columelld contorto-plicatd ; intense viridi-olivaced,
lineis fnscescentibus subobscure cingulatd, columelld et
apertura fauce alb is.

The olive Achatinella. SheU oblong-conical, sinis-
tral, whorls convex, thinly margined round the upper
part, columella with a twisted plait ; dark green-olive,
encircled with rather obscure brownish lines, colu-
mella and interior of the aperture white.

Ilab. ?

The rich dark olive colouring of this species leaves off
suddenly in an abrupt line at the aperture, and the re-
mainder of the body-whorl is of an orange-fawn tint, like a
shell denuded to tliat extent of epidermis.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella mustelina. Achat, testd aid sinistrorsd
aut dextrorsd, aciiniiiiiilu-coiiicd, anfractibus sitbrotun-
datis, superne miirgiiictin. mUinielld callosd, subap-
pressd, aperturd subaiiriculutd, labro incrassato ; fusco-
cinered, suturis et apice albis.

The tawny Achatinella. Shell acuminately conical,
whorls somewhat rounded, margined round the upper
part, columella callous, rather appressed, aperture
slightly auriculated, lip tliickened ; brownish ash,
sutures and apex white.

MiGHELs, Pro. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 1845, p. 31.

Hab. Waianai, Sandwich Islands.

Distinguished by its acuminated form and subaurieulatc
aperture, whilst the colouring is peculiar.

I cannot agree with Dr. Pfeiffer, in regarding this and
,/. Bidimoides as varieties of A. lorata. On referring to
De Ferussac's and Swainson's figures of these species,
which 1 have identified with specimens in BIr. Cuming's
collection, it will be found that all three are distinct from
each other, in form, sub'taiire, and arrangement of colours.

ACHATINELLA.— Plate III.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

AcHATiNELLA BILINEATA. Achat, testd oblongo-conicd,
dextrorsd, basin versus subventricosd, anfractibus ro-
itmdatis, columelld dentato-plicatd ; vivide luted, Unek
duabus nigris approximatis medio conspiciie cingulatd.

The two-lined Acuatinella. Shell oblong-comcal,
dextral, rather veiitricose towards the base, whorls
rounded, columella dentately plicate ; bright yellow,
conspicuously eucu'cled round the middle with two
close black lines.

Eab. ?

The form of this shell is peculiar, and there is something

equally characteristic in the marking.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella pulcherrima. Achat, testd subelongato-
conicd, dextrorsd, anfractibus convexis, superne tenui-
marginatis, columelld brevi, callosd ; Ititea, fasciis l/i-
tiusculis nigris plerumqiie cingulatd, sufuris semper
nigris.

The very beautiful Achatinella. Shell somewhat
elongately conical, dextral, wliorls convex, thinly
margined round the upper part, columella short,
callous ; yellow, mostly encii-cled with rather broad
black bands, sutures always black.

SwAiNSON, Brand's Journal, 1828, p. 85. Zool. Illus.

2ndseries, pi. 123.f. 2.

Achatinella Byronii, Gray.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Although the black sutural line is striking and con-
stant, the character is by no means confined to this species.
Two or three have been confounded together in collections
under this apprehension.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

Acuatinella castanea. Achat, testd oblongo-conicd,
sinistrorsd, apice subobtmd, anfractibus convexis, su-
perne tenuimarginatis, columelld dentato-plicatd; ustii-
lato-luted, anfractiis nltimi dimidio i7iferiori vivide
cadaneo, interdum undique castaned, columelld ef aper-
turcefauce albis.

The chestnut Achatinella. Shell oblong-conical,
sinistral, rather obtuse at the apex, whorls convex,
thinly margined round the upper part, columella den-
tately plicate ; burnt yellow, lower half of the last
whorl bright chestnut, sometimes chestnut through-
out, columella and interior of the apertiu-e white.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

The colouring of this species always partakes more or
less of rich bright chestnut.

/.■//,,/,..,//,/ ri

f|

hi

»

I

h

«

ACHATINELLA.

Plate IV.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

AcHATiN-RLL.\ viRiDANS. Acliat. testd ovato-coitwd,
dextrorsa, anfractibus convewis, colmnelld brevi, denta-
to-pUcatd ; cinereo-viridi aut virescenie, lineis obliquU
suturatioribHS promiscue tiotatd, fascia albd lata infra
suturas cingnlatd, colmnelld albd.

The greenish Achatinella. Shell ovately conical,
dextral, whorls convex, columella short, dentatoly
plicate; ash-green or pale green, promiscuously
marked with oblique darker lines, encircled with a
broad wliite band beneath the sutures, columella
wliite.

MiGHELS, Pro. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 1845, p. 20.

Ilab. Sandwich Islands.

A light green or ash-green shell, without bauds or
marking, encircled by a broad white band beneath the
sutures.

Species 2(j. (Mus. Cummg.)
Achatinella Stewarti. Achat, testa sithelongato-co-
nicd, sinisirorsd, anfractibtis plano-convexis, colmnelld
contorto-plicaid, aperturd parvinsculd, labro simplici ;
oUvaceo-lnted, fascia suiurali riigrd.
Stewart's Achatinella. Shell somewhat elongately
conical, sinistral, whorls flatly convex, columella with
a twisted plait, aperture rather small, lip simple ;
olive-yellow, with a black sutural band.
Green, Contributions to the JIacluriau Lyceum of Phil-
adelphia, 1827, Part 2. p. 47. pi. i. f. 1 to 4.
Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.

This species, which I consider to be distinct from
A. vulpiua, is described by Professor Green as inhabiting
the deep valleys of Oahu, at all seasons, adhering to the
under surface of the large leaves of a plant called Ti, from
the roots of which the natives brew an intoxicating bc[uor.
The favourite mode of preparing them for food, is to tic up
large numbers in the Ti leaves and bake them with heated
stones.

Species 27. (i.'us. Cuming.)
Achatinella prasinus. Achat, testa oblongo-conicd,
sinistrorsd, anfractibus convexis, oblique snbrude iin-
presso-striatis, colmnelld brevi, contorto-piicatd ; in-

tense viridi, lineis nigricantibns obscure cingulatd, apice

albd, columella albd.
The dark-green Achatinella. Shell oblong-conical,

sinistral, whorls convex, obliquely somewhat rudely

impressly striated, columella short, twisted-plaited ;

very dark green, encii'cled with obscure dark lines,

white at the apex, columella white.
Hab. ?

There is a slight peculiarity of form, and a
arrangement of colours in this species.

distinct

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella rosea. Achat, testd ovatd, solidiusculd,
ventricosd, sinistrorsd, anfractibus convexis, lavibus,
superne marginatis, columelld callosd, contorto-plicatd,
upertura labro subincrassato ; albidd, basin versus et
in sulco suturali carneo-rosaceo tinctd, columelld la-
broque purpurascaite-roseis.

The rose Achatinella. Shell ovate, rather solid, ven-
tricose, sinistral, whorls convex, smooth, margined
round the upper part, columella callous, twisted-
plaited, lip of the aperture rather thickened ; whitish,
tinged with flesh-pink towards the base and in the
sutural groove, lip and columella purple-rose.

SwAiNSON, Brand's Journal, 1828, p. 85. Zool. lUus.
2ndSeries, pi. 123. f. 1.

]Inb. Sandwich Islands ; Rev. A. Bloxam.

At the time Mr. Swaiuson described this species, he en-
tertained a doubt of its being a variety of B. BuUmoides.

It will be found to difler in form, and the colouring is

materiaUv diflerent.

Species 29. (Fig. a, b, c. Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella vulpina. Achat, testd acuminato-oblongd,
sinistrorsd, iiili-rdiun anlirindricosd, anfractibus sub-
plaiw-confe.iis, culn.^irlhi liri'ci, callosd, dentato-plicafd,
ajiertura labro parniii incrassato ; olivaced aut albi-
cante, strigis obliquis rufo-fuseescentibus, lineis fasci-
isque spiralibus nigris ant viridibus ant fuscis varie
pictd, columelld purpurascente-rosed.

The subtle Achatinella. Shell acuminately oblong,
sinistral, sometimes rather vcntricose, whorls some-
what flatlv convex, columella short, callous, dentately

April, 1850.

ACHATINELLA.— Plate TV.

plicate, lip of the aperture but little thickened ; olive
or whitish, \vith oblique light red-brown streaks,
variously painted with spiral black or green or brown
bands and lines, columella purple-rose.
Feeussac, Hist. Moll. pi. 155. f. 1.
ffai. Sandwich Islands.

The colouring of this species is extremely variable ; there
is, however, but one prevailing idea in its manner of dis-
tribution. The columella is of a livid purple-rose in all
the varieties. I consider A. Slewartii, Green, to be a
distinct species, notwithstanding that it resembles this in
the colour of the columella ; and A. livida, Swainson,
whose figure is only a magnified representation of an in-
mature shell, cannot be referred to it without considerable
doubt.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

AcHATiNELLA. ADUSTA. Achat, testd acuminato-oblongd,
suiturritd, sinidrorsd, anfractihus rotundatis, colu-
melld Irevi, callosd, dentatd ; intense cadaned, basi
nigricante,fascid spirali nigrd infra mturas, columelld

The scorched Achatinella. Shell acuminately ob-
long, somewhat turreted, sinistral, whorls rounded,
columella short, caUous, toothed ; dark chestnut,
darker towards the base, with a spiral black baud
beneath the sutures, columella pinkisli.

Hab. -?

The general colouring of this species, which is allied to
A. ■mdpina and Stewarii, is similar to A. castatiea, in which
the black sutural band is wanting, and in which the colu-
mella is particularly white.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella venthlus. Achat, teddoblongo-cylindraced,
dextrorsd, anfractibus plano-convexis, subtilissime im-
presso-striatis, ad suturas leviier crenulatis, columelld
brevi, arcnatd, tenue contorto-plicatd, aperturd parvd ;
intense brumied, fascid pallida infra suturas et circa
columellam, epidermide tenid indutd, apertura favce
ceerulescente.

The slightly-inflated Achatinella. Shell oblong-
cylindrical, dextral, whorls flatly convex, vei-y finely
impressly striated, slightly crenulated at the sutures,
columella short, arched, thinly twisted-plaited, aper-
■ ture small ; very dark brown, with a pale band beneath
the sutures and around the columella, covered with a
slight epidermis, interior of the aperture bluish.

Helix {Cochlogena) ventulus, Fenissac, Prodi-ome, no. 437.
Achatinella microstoma, Gould (fide Pfeifl'er).

Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands ; Hinds.

A dark cylindrical sub-horny shell with a slight fuga-
cious epidermis.

AduUj?wll/c. It. V.

i

«

A

^

4

A C H A T I N E L L A

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)

AcH.vTiNELLA VENUSTA. Achat, ksld elongato-conicd,
sinistrorsd, spird acumbiatd, apice obtusd, mifractibus
rotundatk, striatulis, columelld valde contorld et pit-
catd, aperturd parvd ; luted, mactdis Jlammkque nigris
coiispicue 2)ictd, apice purpureo-fasco.

The handsome Achatinella. Shell elongately conical,
sinistral, spire acuminated, obtuse at the apex,
whorls rounded, finely striated, columella much
twisted aud plaited, aperture small ; yellow, conspi-
cuously painted with black spots and flames, apex
purple-brown.

MiGHELS, Pro. Boston Xat. Hist. Soc. 1845, p. 31.

Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.

Distinguished from A.pkta, to which it is the nearest
allied species, by its more elongated form and bi'ight
yellow ground-colouring.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella citrina. Achat, tedd eJoiKjato-conicd,
sbihtrorsd, spird siibncuminatd, anfractibus rotimdaiiK,
■^triaii'lis, ultimo obsolete carimdato, columelld valde
contorld, biplicutd, aperturd parviusculd ; vivide citrind.

The citron Achatinella. Shell elongately conical,
sinistral, spire somewhat acuminated, whorls roimded,
finely striated, the last finely obsoletely keeled, colu-
mella much twisted, two-plaited, aperture rather
small ; bright citron yellow.

MiGHELS, MS.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

This has all the appearance of an unspotted variety of
the preceding species, but it will be found to diflfcr in
form upon a careful comparison. It does not agree with
Ferussac's figure, Hist. Moll. pi. 155. f. 12. HeU.x (Coch-
logena) luteola, representing an immature shell which I
have not been able correctly to identify.

Species 34. (Fig. 34 and 41. Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinella turritella. Achat, testd elongato-conicd,
subpyramidali, anfractibus septeni, planiconvexis, ob-
lique rude striatis, ad suturas subcremdatis, aperturd
parvd, columelld biplicatd, appressd; intense castaned,
fascld albidd infra suturas.

The little turret Achatinella. Shell elongately
conical, somewhat pyramidal, whorls seven in num-
ber, flatly convex, obliquely rudely striated, slightly
crenulated at the sutures, aperture small, columella
two-plaited, appressed ; dark chestnut, with a whitish
band beneath the sutures.

Ferussac, Hist. Moll. pi. 155. f. 13.
Achatinella Oahuensis, Green.
Achatinella inoruata, Mighels.

Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.

This species represents the most elongately turreted
form of the genus.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella radiata. Achat, testd ovatd, soliduld,
dextrorsd, anfractibus convexis, oblique striatis, superne
subobscure marginatis, columelld brevi, plicato-contortd,
late appressd, labro subincrassato ; luteo-albidd, strigis
Uneisque intense viridibus et nigrh densissime oblique
pictd, columelld labroque carneo-rosaceis.

The rayed Achatinella. Shell ovate, rather solid,
dextral, whorls convex, obliquely striated, somewhat
obscurely margined round the upper part, columella
short, plicately twisted, broadly appressed, lip rather
thickened ; yellowish-white, obliquely very thickly
painted with dark green and black streaks and lines,
lip and columella flesh-pink.

Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 80.

Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.

A very characteristic richly painted species, quite dis-
tinct from A. firidans.

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella picta. Achat, testd acmniiiato-ovatd, sinis-
trorsd, anfractibus rotundatis, tumidiusculis, columelld
arcuatd, valde contorto-plicatd ; lutescente, maculis
Jlammisque nigris undique pictd, columelld et aperturte
margine intus livido-carneis.

The painted Achatinella. Shell acuminately ovate,
sinistral, whorls rounded, rather swollen, columella
arched, very much twisted-plaited ; yellowish, painted
throughout with black spots and flames, columella

April, 1850.

ACHATINELLA.— Plate V,

aud edge of the aperture stained within with lirid

flesh-coloiu-.
MiGHELS, Pro. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 1845, p. 90.
Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.

The elegant zigzag painting of this species is very
similar to that of A. venusta.

Species 37. (Miis. Cuming.)

AcHATiNELLA TRISTIS. Ac/mt. testd globoso-ovatd, sub-
cylhidracea, soUdiuscvld, dextrond, spird brevi, apice
neutd, anfractibits convexis, corrugato-striatis, columelld
iircuatd, contorto-plicatd ; Jlavicante-lacted aiitfusces-
cente, epidermide nigrd fugaci indutd, apice fusco-
rubmte.

The sad Achatixella. Shell globosely ovate, some-
what cylindrical, rather solid, dextral, spire short,
acute at the apex, whorls convex, corrugately stria-
ted, columella arched, with a twisted plait ; yellowish
cream-colour or brownish, covered with a black fuga-
cious epidermis, apex brown-red.

Helix (CoMogena) iristis, Perussac, Prodrome, no. 435.
Jchatinella fuliginosa , Gould.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

This and the following species belong to the same
)ieculiar type as A. ventulm of the preceding plate.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)

AcUATlNELLA STRAlllNEA. Achat, testd acuminato-ob-
longd, sinistrorsd, anfraciibus convexis, oblique striatic,
columelld fortiter contorto-plicatd; drandned, inmia-
cidald.

The straw-coloured Achatinella. Shell acuminately
obloug, sinistral, whorls convex, obliquely striated,
columella strongly twisted-plaited ; straw-coloured,
unspotted.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

This species is of a peculiar light straw-colour, and
differs essentially in form from any of the preceding.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella nucleola. Achat, testd abbreviato-ovatd,
subglobosd, dextrorsd, spird breviusculd, anfractibtts con-
vexis, subtiliter striatis, ad suturas creuulatis, columelld
arcuatd, contorto-plicatd; rubente-castaned.

The kernel Achatinella. Shell shortly ovate, some-
what globose, dextral, spire rather short, whorls con-
vex, finely striated, crenulated at the sutures, colu-
mella arched, with a twisted plait; reddish-chestnut.

Gould, Pro. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 1845, p. 28.
Achatinella brevis, Pfeiifer.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Very closely allied to A. ventulus, but sufficiently dis-
tinguished by its more globose form, lighter red-brown
colour, and more prominent abruptly trancated columella.

40. (Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinella Mighelsiana. Achat, testd acmninato-
conicd, dextrorsd, anfractiius rotundatis, SJiperne obso-
lete marginatis, columelld valde contorto-plicatd ; opaco-
albd, lineis cinereis obscure notatd, anfractu ultimo
lined angnstd nigro-fiiscd cingulato, columelld et aper-
tur<e margine intus nigro-fusco tinctis.
Mighel's Achatinella. Shell acuminately conical,
dextral, whorls rounded, obsoletely margined round
the upper part, columella strongly twisted-plaited ;
opake-white, faintly marked with ash lines, last whorl
encircled with a narrow black-brown line, columella
and edge of the aperture stained within with black-
brown.
Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 231.
Hnb. Molokai, Sandwich Islands.

Each example of this species in Mr. Cuming's collection
is encircled round the lower part of the whorls by a dark
line, which is concealed in all but the last, by the convolu-
tion of one whorl upon the other.

Fig. 41. (Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinella turritella. Already described in thii
plate. For Sp. 41 see PL YI.

A<-/Ni//^^r//rf. r/.n.

I

4

h.

•w

m

4

i

B.eeiie,BeiiliB-lti S; Reeve imj.

A C H A T I N E L L A .

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

ACHATINELLA CORNEOLA. Acltat. testd obloiUJO-COIUcS,

mifractibus septem ad oclo, convexis, siibiiliier concen-
trice impresso-siriatis, columelld profimde arcuatd,
margine productd et corUortd ; sitbpellueido-corned.

The horny Achatinella. Shell oblong-conical, whorls
seven to eight in number, convex, finely concentri-
caUy impressly striated, columella deeply archetl,
produced and twisted at the edge; subtransparcnt
horny.

Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 90.

Hoi. Sandwich Islands.

Notwithstanding the marginal plait-structure of the

columella, this and the two following species are very

distinct from the true Acliathiella. They belong rather

to the small horny group of Achatiiue, among which I

have akeady described some allied forms.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)
Achatinella clara. Achat, tedd pyrmiudali-conkd,
anfractibtis octo, convexis, mbangudis, conceutrice im-
presso-striatis, columella breviusculd, contortd, aper-
turd parvd ; pellucklo-corned, avfrnctnmn margine
jnxta stduras rufiUnealo.
The clear Achatinella. Shell pyramidally conical,
whorls eight in number, convex, rather narrow, con-
centrically impressly striated, columella rather short,
twisted, aperture small ; transparent horny, edge of
whorls next the sutures marked with a red line.
Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 90.

Achatinella striatula, Gould.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Distinguished ft'om the preceding species by its nar-
rower turreted form, and less prominent cokimeUar plait.

Species 41. (Mus. Ciuning.)

Achatinella pyramis. Achat, tedd actimiuato-conicu,
anfractibus octo, platdconvexis, superm temiimirgi-
natis, oblique minute driatis, columelld brevi, arcuatd,
aperturd parviusculd ; virescente-corned.

The pyramid Achatinella. SheE acuminately coni-
cal, whorls eight in number, flatly convex, finely
margined round the upper part, obliipiely minutely

striated, columella short, arched, aperture rather

small ; gi-eenish horn.
Pfeiffer, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 90.
IM, ?

Distniguished by its more acuminate conical form.

Species 43. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella rubens. Achat, testd acuminato-i

dcctrorsd, solidiuscidd, anfractibus septem, planicon-
I'exis, lavigatis, vel obligue subirregalariter driatis, co-
lumelld plicato-contortd, aperturd parviusculd ; ru-
beiite-lacted, apice fused, epidermide fused fugaci iii-
dntd, apertures fatice pier umque rosed.

The ruddy Achatinella. Shell acuminately oblong,
dextral, rather solid, whorls seven in number, flatly
convex, smooth, or obliquely somewhat iiregidarly
striated, columella plicately twisted, aperture rather
small ; ruddy cream-colour, brown at the apex,
covered with a brown fugacious epidermis, interior
of the aperture mostly tinged with rose.

Gould, Pro. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 27.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

The shells here represented vary materially in form,
but are doubtless different states of the same species.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella perdix. Achat, testd ovatd, ventricosd,
teuuiculd, dextrorsd, spird exserid, apice subobtusd,
anfractibus sex, convexis, superne marginatis, lineis
impressis Jlexuosis oblique sculptd, columelld plicato-
contortd, sulcallosd ; albidd, olivaceo-fusco undique
picld et variegatd, suturis et columelld albis.

The partridge Achatinella. Shell ovate, ventricose,
rather thin, dextral, spire exserted, somewhat obtuse
at the apex, whorls six in number, convex, margined
round the upper part, obliquely sculptured with
flexuous impressed lines, columella plicately twisted,
rather callous ; whitish, painted and variegated
tlu'oughout with ohve-brown, sutures and columella
white.

Hah. ?

This is a remarkable species, of a difl'ereut type from

ACHATINELLA.— Plate VI.

any other of the genus, compomuled of Bidimus and
Jchatindla. With the generic callous twisted-plait co-
lumella of the latter genus, the shell is characterized by
the form, substance, and design of colouring of the former.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)

AcHATlNELLA PLICATA. Achat, testd acminato-tnrritd,
gracili, teimiculd, sinistrorsd, anfractibus sex, coimexis,
carinis spiraliius numerom acutu undique sculptis,
suturis suhexcavatis, columella callosd, plied obsoletd,
aperturd parvd, labro simplici ; fuscescente-albd, ad
apiceiii obscure fidyuratd.

The plicate Achatinella. Shell acuminately turreted,
slender, rather thin, sinistral, whorls six in number,
convex, sculptured throughout with numerous sharp
spiral keels, sutures rather excavated, columella cal-
lous, plait obsolete, apertm-e small, lip simple ;
brownish-white, obscurely waved at the apex.

MiGHELS, MS. Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. viv. vol. ii. p. 23.5.

Hab. Moko Kai, Sandwich Islands.

This also is of a difl'erent type from any of the pre-

ceding species, and one of very abnormal character. It is
the only form that presents any external raised sculpture,
and the plicate columella by which the genus is chiefly
characterized is almost obsolete.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Achatinella bacca. Achat, testa abbreviato-conicd,
dextrorsd, subventricosd, anfractibus eonvexis, superne
marginatis, columelld plicato-contortd ; intense nigri-
cante-castaned, suturis flavidis, columelld pallid ro-
saced.

The BEiiEY Achatinella. Shell abbreviately conical,
dextral, rather ventricose, whorls convex, margined
round the upper part, columella plicately twisted ;
very dark chestnut, sutures yellowish, columella
pinkish.

Hab. ?

The shell here described does not appear to have
reached maturity, but, allowing for this, it is still charac-
terized by a much wider and shorter plan of convolution
than any of the species which have preceded it.

ACHATINELLA.

abbreviata, Reeve III. 19

acuta, Swainson II. 16

adusta, Reeve IV. 30

bacca, Reeve VI. 45

bella, ifett-e III. 17

bilineata, Reeve III. 22

brevk, Pfeiffer ' V. 39

Byrouii, Gray III. 23

Bulimoides, Sioa'mson I. 8

castanea, Reeve III. 24

citrina, MigheU V. 33

Clara, Pfeiffer VI. 5

colorata, Reeve III. 18

corneola, Pfeiffer VI. 4

decora {Helix), Ferussac II. 13

fidigiuosa, Gould V. 37

Greenii, Gray IV. 28

iiwniata, Mighels V. 34

lorata {Helix), Ferussac I. 6

lugubris {Turbo), Chemn II. 10

microstoma, Gould IV. 31

Mighelsiana, Pfeiffer V. 40

inustelina, MigheU III. 21

nubilosa, MigheU I. 1

nucleoli, Gould V. 39

Oahuensis, Green V. 34

olivacea, Reeve III. 20

pallida, mittall \. 2

perdix, Reeve ^' 1. 43

Plate. Specie!

perversa, Sioaiiison II. 14

pica, Swainsou II. 10

picta, Migheh V. 36

plicata, MiglieU VI. 44

prasiuus, Reeve IV. 27

producta, Reeve II. 13

pulcherrima, Swainson III. 23

pyrainis, Pfeiffer VI. 41

radiata, Pfeiffer V. 35

Rhohri, Pfeiffer I. 3

rosea, Swainson IV. 28

rubens, Gould VI. 42

simulans, Reeve II. 15

spirizona (i7i?&), Ferussac .... II. 16

Stewarti, Green IV. 26

straminea, Reeve V. 38

striatula, Gould VI. 5

suffusa. Reeve II. 11

tKuiolata, Pfeiffer I. 7

tristis (Helix), Ferussac V. 37

turritella {Helix), Ferussac .... V. 34

ventiilus {Helix), Ferussac .... IV. 31

veuusta, MigheU V. 32

vestita, Mighels II. J 2

virgulata {Partula), Mighels ... I. 3

viridans, MigheU IV. 25

vittata, Reeve. II. 9

vulpina {Helix), Ferussac IV. 29

MONOGRAPH

OV THE GENUS

ARTEMIS

' Maiden Sylph, oh, hear my prayei
Let the lowly earth-boru see
Somethiug of thy mystery." — Hia

Arttiins,Fl.l.

#^

^

\

1%

\ ^ Mj

m%

%^

%

%

'..,3^

Ben-ham t Reeve imj.

ARTEMIS.

Genus ARTEMIS, PoU.
Tfsia plus '/iiiiiiis orbicularis, cequivalvis, in^qtiiJaternlis,
concifiitrici striata ant lirata, raro lavis, Vm-s interdum
ad latent lamiiiatis, pracipue ad latiis posiicum, area
lit/ameiiti iiderdam simplici, plerumque plus minus
excavatd, latere antico plerumque lunulato, lunula im-
pressd. Cardo fortis, dentihus tribus divergeittibus in
valvd altera, in altera quatuor, Ugamento subexterrw.
Impressiones mmculares oblongce, subaquales ; pallii
sim'is impressio conspicue lanceolato-trigona, subprofim-
da. Testa plerumque albida.
Shell more or less orbicular, equivalve, inequilateral,
concentrically striated or ridged, rarely smooth,
ridges sometimes laminated at the sides, especially
at the posterior side, area of the ligament some-
times simple, generally more or less excavated, an-
terior side mostly impressly lunuled. Hiuge strong,
with three diverging teeth in one valve and four in
the other, ligament subesternal. Muscular- impres-
sions oblong, nearly equal ; impression of the sinus
of the mantle conspicuously lauceolately triangular,
rather deep. Shell mostly whitish.
The genus Artemis was introduced more than half a
century ago, upon anatomical gi'ouuds, by Poli. The
few species known to Linnasus, Chemnitz, and their con-
temporaries, were included under Venus, whilst Lamarck,
regardless of the views of the Neapolitan malacologist,
referred them to his genus Cytherea. Artemis differs from
both of these genera in the form of the foot, in the siphons
being united to their extremities, and in the mantle having
a lauceolately triangidar sinus, which is impressed in a
very characteristic manner upon the interior of each valve
of the shell. The peculiarities observable in the shell, in
addition to that of the pallial sinus, are its orbicular, com-
pressed form, its uniform concentric sculpture, and the
general absence of colour and pattern. The shell rarely
presents the polished smoothness or coloui'iug of Cytherea,
few species being so highly painted as the European
A. exoleta and its exotic analogue, A. varieyata ; neither
has it the festooned or serrated varieties of sculpture so
frequently presented in Venus. There is little variety in
the general aspect of the Artemides, but they are well
distinguished from each other in detail.

The geographical position of the genus is mainly in
the eastern hemisphere. Of sixty-one species described in
this monograph, the localities of forty-six are known as
follows: — three inhabit the shores of Europe; five are
from Korea, Japan, and China ; eleven from the Philip-
pines ; two from the Moluccas, seven from Australia,
and two from New Zealand ; six from North Africa,
none being found on the shores of this continent below
the equator ; and seven only from America.

April,

The genus comprises about seven principal typical forms
of species, each of which affects a different locality. A.
concentrica and its congeners, the largest of the genus,
inhabit the shores of Central America, between West
Columbia and California ; another species of this type,
A. Patayonica, is recorded from the southern country
whose name it bears, but I have not been able to authen-
ticate this locality, and it seems doubtful. The remaining
American species, A. subquadrata, is from Peru, and of
very abnormal character; the shell being thin in sub-
stance, not symmetrically orbicular, and without a lunule.
The Australian species are typified by the characteristic
A. incisa, lamellata, and scalaris, the last of which is re-
presented in the Philippine Islands by A.jicvetiilis, whilst
A. varieyata is common to both these localities. A. plana,
from the coast of China, has the valves remarkably flat-
tened, and A. exasperata, from the Philippine Islands,
is the type of another interesting group in which the con-
centric ridges are thin, and raised at the sides, chiefly the
posterior, in squamate lamina;. A very singular form,
with a supplementary lunule, A. bilunulata, is found at
Japan ; and, on the shores of the Red Sea, a type of
totally different growth, contracted and gibbous, is repre-
sented by A. triyona.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis Isocaedia. Art. testa cordato-ovatd, altiore
quam lata, solidiusculd, yibbosd, coiicentrice acute stri-
ata, striis subirreyularibus, area liyamenti excamtd,
lunula cordatd, subampld, parum concavo-impressd ;
ylaucd, violaceo tinctd.

The Isocardia Artemis. Shell cordately ovate, higher
than broad, rather solid, gibbous, concentrically
sharply striated, stria; somewhat in-egular, area of
the ligament excavated, lunule heart-shaped, rather
large, but little concavely impressed ; glaucous, tinged
with violet. '

Dunker, PhU. Abbild. and Besch. Conch. Cytl/. p. ;3(i.
pi. 8. f. 5.

Ilab. ?

A solid, gibbous, heart-shaped species, approaching in

form to Chemnitz's figure of Venus contracta [Artemis

coutracta, Philippi), which I have not been able to identify.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis lincta. Art. testa orbiculari, crassd, gibbusim-
culd, creberrimi leuuksimi et irreguluriter conceutrice
striata, slriis ad latera elevatiusculis, confertis, area
ligamenti subplanatd, parum excavatd, lunula obhngo-
cordatd, impressu.

The sucked Artemis. Shell orbicular, thick, rather
o-ibbous, very closely, finely, and irregidarly cuiircn-

AETEMIS.— Plate L

trically striated, strife somewhat raised and thick-set
at the sides, area of tlie ligament rather flattened,
but little excavated, lunule oblong-cordate, impressed.

Deshayes, Traite Ele'm. pi. 20. f. 13, 13.
Venus liiicta, Pulteney.
Cytherea lincta, Lamarck.
Cytherea simata, Turton.
An eadem var. Artemis compta, Loven.

Hah. Southern Europe and the British Isles (from low-
water mark to a depth of about sixty fathoms).

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis eufa. Art. testa sttborbiculari, crassiusculd,
suhgibbosd, concentriee liratd, liris ad latera subpro-
minentioribiis, aredligamenti siibampld,excavatd, lunula
cordatd, impressd ; ferrugineo-rufd, varie albiradiatd.

The red Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, rather thick
and gibbous, concentrically ridged, ridges rather
more prominent, area of the ligament rather large,
excavated, lunule cordate, impressed ; rust-red, vari-
ously rayed with white.

Cytherea rnfa, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.)
vol.vi. p. 311.

Hab. ?

Although readily distinguished from typical examples

of A. juvenilis, many may incline, with M. Deshayes, to

regard it as a variety of that species.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis pondeeosa. Art. testd suborbiculari, compres-
sitiseuld, paululum latiore quam, altd, concentriee sul-
catd, sulcis medio fere obsoletis, area ligamenti sim-
plici, lunuld oblongo-cordatd, concavo-impressd ; laded,
epidermide tenui corned nitente indutd.

The ponderous Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, rather
compressed, a little broader than high, concentrically
grooved, grooves almost obsolete in the middle, area
of the ligament simple, lunule oblong-cordate, con-
cavely impressed ; cream-colour, covered with a thin,
shining, horny epidermis.

Gray, Analyst, 1838, vol. viii. p. 309.

Artemis gigantea, Philippi (fide Sowerby, MS. ined.)

Hab. Gulf of California (in sandy mud at low water).
This fine large species approaches very closely to the

A. concentrica ; it is of a more orbicular form, and the

sculpture is less definitely engraved.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis juvenilis. Art. testd suborbiculari, crassius-
culd, concentriee teimiliratd, liris ad latera sublamella-
tis, ared ligamenti subampld, excavatd, lunuld cordatd,
plano-impressd ; alba, biradiatd, rufo maculatd.

The youthful Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, rather
thick, concentrically finely ridged, ridges slightly
lamellated at the sides, area of the ligament rather
large, excavated, lunule cordate, flatly impressed;
white, two-rayed, blotched with rust-red.

Venus juvenilis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3387.

Venus juvenis, Chemnitz.
Hab. Bay of Manila, Island of Luzon, Philippines (in

sandy mud) ; Cuming.
The colouring of this species is very similar to that of
the Australian A. scalaris, of which it might easily be
taken for a dwarf variety.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis Chinensis. A?-t. testd subquadrato-orbiculari,
tenuiculd, valde gibbosd, concentriee subirregulariter
striata, striis elevatiusculis, striis aliis tenuibus im-
pressis radiantibus decussatis, ared ligamenti simplici,
lunuld nulld, marginiius intus crenulatis; albidd,ferru-
gineo tinctd, marginem versus cinereo-carulescente.
The Chinese Artemis. Shell somewhat squarely orbi-
cular, rather thin, very gibbous, concentrically rather
in-egularly striated, striae somewhat raised, crossed
with other thin impressed radiating striae, area of
the ligament simple, no lunule, margins crenulated
within ; whitish, tinged with rust-brown, coloured
with ash-blue towards the margin.
Venus Cldnensis, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. p. 356.
pi. 171. f. 1663.
Cyprina tenuistria, Lamarck.
Hab. China, Korea.

This species has the characteristic paUial impression of
Artemis, although the shell, having no lunide, is some-
what of an abnormal form. It was certainly incorrectly
placed by Lamarck in the genus Cyprina. It ranges
from China as far north as the islands of the Korean
Archipelago, where the species is abundant and the animal
is eaten by the inhabitants as a common article of food.
Some specimens are much more gibbous, or rather globose,
in their growth than others. The coloiu- most inclines to
bluish lavender or ash towards the margin.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis hepatica. Art. testd subquadrato-orbiculari,

te/iuiculd, compressd, concentriee teiiuissimi striata,

sub lente striis tenuissimis radiantibus impressd, ared

ligamenti simplici, lunuld subelongato-cordatd, super-

ficiarid, vix nnlld ; livido-ccerulescente, umbonibus pal-

lide rufescentibus autflavidis, intus violaced.

The liver-coloured Aktemis. Shell somewhat squarely

orbicular, rather thin, compressed, concentrically very

finely striated, impressed beneath the lens with very

fine radiating striae, area of the ligament simple,

lunule rather elougately cordate, superficial, scarcely

any ; livid-blue, umboes pale reddish or yellowish,

interior violet.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. Cyt/i. pl.4. pi. 2. f.3.

Hab. ?

Like the preceding species in form, only that it is much
smaller and flattened. It is faintly impressed with ra-
diating stri;e, and there is little indication of any lunule.

Ai'tfrnisFl K.

\

Reeve , E«ia>»m. 8= Reevt imf .

ARTEMIS.

Species S. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis concentbica. AH. tedd transverse ovatd, la-
tiore quam altd, compressd, postice subproducld, con-
centrice creberrime mcUo-sulcatd, swlcis vix profundi^,
area ligamenti simpUd, lunula cordatd; alid, epuler-
mide stramined indutd.

The concenteic Artemis. Shell transversely ovate,
broader than high, compressed, somewhat produced
posteriorly, concentrically very closely gi'ooved,
gi-ooves not veiy deep, area of the ligament simple,
luniile heart-shaped ; white, covered with a straw-
coloui-ed epidermis.

Venus coHceiitrka, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3286.

Ilab. Porto Portrero, Central America ; Cuming.

It is impossible exactly to determine which species

Gmelin intended for the type of his Vemts concenlrlca ;

and of succeeding authors, some have figured one for it,

some another. The shell here represented seems best to

agree with the figures of Lister and Chemnitz.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis discus. Art. testa tenidculd, transverse ovatd,
postice subquadratd, latiore qiiam altd, valde compressd,
concentrice snbtilissime inciso-striatd, Uris intermedils
ad latera subobsoleiis et nvmero decrescentibus, area
ligamenti mnplici, lunuld rotundato-cordatd ; albidd,
fasciis pallide ferrugineis, interdum autem obscure
tinctd, epidennide tenni corned itiduid.

The auoiT Artemis. Shell rather thin, transversely
ovate, posteriorly somewhat square, broader tlian
high, very compressed, concentrically very finely
engraved with stri», intermediate ridges rather ob-
solete and decreasing in number at the sides, area
of the ligament simple, lunule rotundatcly heart-
shaped ; whitish, sometimes, but obscurely, stained
with light rust bands, and covered with a thiji horny
epidermis.

Hab. United States.

This fine species is chiefly distinguished l)y its com-
growth and fine sculpture.

illic divaricatis, ad latera tmmero mnlto decrescentibus,
sed corrugatis et lamellaribm, preecipue ad posticum,
area ligamenti excavatd, lunuld oblongo-cordatd, pro-
fundi impressd; cameo-alid, marginem versus et ad
umbones rufescentibiis.
The shrivelled Artemis. Shell somewhat squarely
orbicidar, thick, compressly convex, concentrically
rugosely ridged, ridges here and there divaricate,
considerably decreasing in number at the sides, but
slirivelled and lamellar, especially at the posterior
side, area of the ligament excavated, Imude oblong-
cordate, deeply impressed; flesli-whitc, reddish at
the umboes and towards the margin.
Philipfi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 23. Cgth.

pi. 8. f. 1.
Hub. New Zealand ; Earl.

This fine species, which is of rather solid growth, is
chietly characterized by the manner in which the con-
centric ridges divaricate on the posterior side into com-
paratively distant wrinkled lamellae. The brick-red tinge
of colouring upon the umboes and towards the margin,
is also peculiar. The lunule is rather deeply sunk.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis anus. Art. testa suhquadrato-orhiculari, crassd,
compresso-convexd, concentrice rugoso-liratd, Uris hie

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis scalaris. Art. testd suborbiculari, aliqiianto
latiore quam altd, concentrice creberrinie liratd, Uris
in medio appressis, ad latera angmtioribus, sublamel/a-
riius, area ligamenti simplici, lunuld cordatd ; albidd,
spadiceo-rufo plus minusve tinctd aid fasciald.
The step-ladder Artemis. Shell somewhat orbicular,
a little broader than high, concentrically very closely
ridged, ridges appressed in the middle, naiTower and
somewhat lamellar at the sides, area of the ligament
simple, lunule cordate ; whitish, more or less stained
and banded with fawn-red.
Cylherea scalaris, Meiike, Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 43. no. 341.
Eah. Mouth of the Swan River, New Holland.

The Artemides have so little of colom-, that where it is
present it forms a characteristic feature. This beautiful
Australian species may be readily known by its peculiar
fawn -red colouring, as well as by the an-augement of the
concentric ribs, which, instead of becoming less numerous
at the sides as in most species, converge together without
diminishing in number, by growing narrower, closer, and
1 more elevated.

February, 1850.

ArhiHis.Pl HI

a\

^ .

^^

. I

1 \

■•X

A'

ARTEMIS.

Species 12. (Mus. Ciimiug.)

Artemis nitens. Art. testa suborbictdari, compressd,
aliquanio latiore quam alta, conceidrice inciso-sulcatd,
liris iniermediis, apjpressis, area ligamenti simplici,
lunula cordatd ; alba, epidermide tenui, corned, tdiente,
indutd.

The shining Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, cora-
presseil, a little broader than bigh, couceutrically
eugraved with grooves, intermediate ridges appressed,
area of the ligament simple, lunule cordate ; white,
covered with a thin, shining, horny epidermis.

Hab. ?

Very like A. giyantea in general aspect, but not agreeing
suiEcieutly in form to be considered as the young of it.
The umboes are more produced, whilst the shell is com-
pressed and proportionably wider.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Aktejiis lamellata. Art. testa suborbictdari, com-
pressiusculd, aliquanth latiore qttam. alia, circa um-
bones subtilissime striata, deinde sulcata et lamellata,
lamellis binis acuiis, •mnhones versus inclinatis, ad
latera pauciorihus, elevatis, area ligamenti subexcavatis,
lamellatis, lunnld oblongo-cordatd, snbprofmidd ; alba.
The lamellated Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular,
rather compressed, a little broader than high, very
finely striated around the umboes, then gi-ooved and
lamellated, lamellse two and two, sharp, at the sides
fewer and more elevated, area of the ligament slightly
excavated, lamellated, lunule oblong-cordate, rather
deep; white.
Hab. North Australia ; Jukes.

Distinguished from all the species by its sharp, concen-
tric lameUcB, which are slightly inclined back towards the
umboes.

Species 14-. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis scabriuscula. Art. testa suborbiculari, con-
vexd, solidiuscidd, vix latioi-e quam alta, postice su-
perne subangulatd, concentrice tenuissime et creberrime
liratd, liris ad latera acide lamellaribus, area ligamenti
late excavatd, lamellata, margine subspinosd, lunula
cordatd, profunde impressd ; alba.

The roughened Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, eon-
vex, rather solid, scarcely broader than high, pos-
teriorly sUghtly angled at the upper part, concen-
trieaUy very finely and closely ridged, sharply lamellar
at the sides, ai'ea of the ligament broadly excavated,
lamellated, somewhat spinose at the margin, lunule
heart-shaped, deeply impressed ; white.

Philippi, AbbUd. und Besch. Conch, vol. ii. p. 230. Cgtii.
pi. 5. f. 2.

Hab. ?

Of more solid growth than the preceding species, with
the ridges less eminently raised in lamellae at the sides,
notwithstanding that they are more spinose on the pos-
terior angle, owing to the deeper excavation of the liga-
mentary area.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis susauADRATA. Art. testa subquadrato-orbicu-
lari, tenui, medio tumidiusculd, basin versus obscure
attenuatd, concentrice creberrinie et subtilissime striata,
area ligamenti simplici, lunula nulla; sordide alba,
epidermide tenuissimd indutd.

The sauARE-iNCLiNED Artemis. Shell somewhat
squarely orbicular, thin, rather swollen in the middle,
obscurely attenuated towards the base, concentrically
very closely and finely striated, area of the ligament
simple, no lunule ; dead white, covered with a vt-ry
thin epidermis.

Hanley, Wood, Index Test. Supp. PL 15. f. 39.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (in sandy mud at low
water), and Lobos Island, Peru (in sandy mud at a
depth of from six to seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species is typically distinct from all others of the

genus, very thin and tumid, without any lunule.

Species IG. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis incisa. Art. testa orbicidari, convexo-coHqiressd,
undique conspicue concentrice inciso-sulcatd, liris iider-
mediis regularibus, appressis, ad latera subaaUk, area
ligamenti simplici, lunula oblongo-cordatd, impressd ;
nitide alba.

The ENGRAVED Artemis. Shell orbicular, coiivcxly
compressed, conspicuously eoneentrieally sharply

February, 1850.

AETEMIS.— Plate III.

grooved throughout, intermediate ridges regular,
appressed, rather sharp at the sides, area of the
ligament simple, lunule oblong-cordate, impressed;
shining wliite.

Hub. North Australia ; Jukes.

Allied to the typical species of the genus ^i. concentrica,

from which it differs mainly in being more tnily orbicular.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)

Aetemis Japonica. Art. testa suborbiculari, comjiressd,
aliquauto laiiore gumn altd, postice stiperne angulosd,
eoncentrice subtiUter eleoato-striatd, atriis ad latera
paucioribus, sublamellatis, area ligamerdi late excavald,
margine subproductd et obscure spinosd, lunula oblongo-
cordatd, impressd ; sordid} carneo-cinerascente.

The Japan Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, a little
broader than high, posteriorly angular along the
upper part, concentrically finely elevately striated,
strise fewer and slightly lamellated at the sides, area
of the ligament broadly excavated, somewhat produced
and obscm'ely spinose along the edge, lunule oblong-
cordate, impressed ; didl flesh-tinged ash-colour.

Halj. Japan; Dr. Sicbold.

A very characteristic species, of quite a different type
from those of North Australia, being closely sculptured
with sharp, raised striae, which diminish materially in
number at the sides and incline to form lamellae.

Species IS. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis plana. Art. testa orbiculari, .mperni subacumi-
natd, pecttliariter plano-compressd, comentrice subtilis-
sime et creberrime striatd, striis medio plies minus
obsoletis, ared ligamenti simplici, lunula oblongo-cor-
datd, unibonibus parvis ; albd, epidermide corned tenu-
issimd marginem versus indutd.

The flat Arte.mis. Shell orbicidar, somewhat acu-
minated towards the upper part, peculiarly flatly
compressed, concentrically very finely and closely
striated, strife more or less obsolete in the middle,
area of the ligament simple, lunule oblong-cordate,
umboes small ; white, covered towards the margin
with a thin homy epidermis.

HaJj. China.

Remarkable for its thin, compressly flattened growth.

whilst the concentric sculpture is so fine that it might

escape observation.

f

'X\\

* % ^^ J

- ' 1%

Artijnis PI. IV.

%

%

jii//

/

Rcevs Bel.Vaw ft

A R T E IVI I S .

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis subhosea. Art. testa suborbiculari, aUqumitu
latiore quam alia, coiwexd, concentrke nitide creberriniti
devato-striata, striis ad latera vix elevatioribus, area
liyamenti subexcavatd, lunula cordaid, impressd; pal-
lida romceo-spadiced.
The rose-tinged Aktemis. Shell nearly orbicular, a
little broader than high, convex, concentrically very
closely sculptured with neat raised striae, which are
scarely more elevated at the sides, area of the ligament
slightly excavated, luuule cordate, impressed ; pale
pinkish-fawn.
Gr.^y, Yates' New Zealand, p. oUU.
Hab. New Zealand.

A. subrosea approaches very nearly in form, coloiu', aiul
sculpture, to the A. Japonka ; which is remarkable in two
species from such distant localities. The area of the
ligament is more widely excavated in the latter, and the
stria; incKned to become lamellated at the sides.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis alata. AH. testa snborbkidari, mpenie atteiiu-
utd, aUqua)ito altiore qnam laid, compresso-pland, pos-
tke pecuUariter sulcatd, dewide alatd, concenirke sub-
tilissimi inciso-striatd, sublavigatd ; alia, epidermide
fenumimd marginem versus bidutd.

The winged Aetemis. Shell nearly orbicular, attenu-
ated at the upper part, a little higher than broad,
compressly flattened, peculiarly grooved, and then
winged posteriorly, concentrically veiy finely sculp-
tured with engi-aved striae, rather smooth ; white,
covered towards the margin with a very thin epi-
dermis.

Hab. ?

Distinguished from all other species of the genus by

the peculiar winged structure of the upper posterior

margin.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)
.Vrtemis exasperata. Art. testa subquadrato-orhkularl,
coHcentrke irregulariter sulcatd, liris subimdatis, hk
iUic coni-ergentibm, ad latera promim'ntkribiis, iiiter-

ruptis et corrugatk, ad riiaryimm coaspicue nquamuto-
lamellatis, erectis, area ligamenti late excavatd, lavi-
gatd, lunula cordatd, lined profundi impressd circnm-
scriptu ; laded.

The sharp Artemis. SheU somewhat squarely orbicular,
concentrically irregularly grooved, ridges slightly
waved, here and there converging together, more
prominent at the sides, interrupted and wrinkled,
conspicuously elevated at the margin into squamate
lameOae, area of the ligament broadly excavated,
smooth, lunule cordate, surrounded with a ilceply
impressed line ; cream-colom-.

PiiiLlPPi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 24. Ci/fh.
pi. 8.f.4.

Hab. Bay of Manilla, Island of Luzon, Pliilippinr^ (in
sandy mud) ; Cuming.
Very distinctly characterized by the irregiUar wrinkled

growth of the concentric ridges, and by the manner in

which they arc elevated into lamellar scales along tiie

posterior margin.

Snecies 22. (Mus. Brit.)

Aktemis bilunulat.\. Art. testa subtrigono-orbiculari,
s^iperne attenuatd, compressd, planatd, concentrke
tenuissime striata, striis ad latera subprominentioribns,
in squamis lamellaformibus terminatis, ad latus anti-
cum ante marginem hmulam secundum formantibns,
area ligamenti latissime excavatd, lavigatd, lumtld
prima cordatd, subprofundi impressd, secundd oblongo-
cordatd, multh majore ; alia, radiis pallide ,-(m-is
interruptis concinne pictd.

The double-lunuled Artemis. Shell somewhat tri-
angularly orbicular, attenuated at the upper part,
compressed, flattened, concentrically very finely stri-
ated, striae rather more prominent at the sides, ter-
minating in lamellaeform scales, before reaching the
edge on the anterior side forming a second lunnlc,
area of the ligament very broadly excavated, smo(]th,
first lunule cordate, rather deeply impressed, secoiul
lunide oblong-cordate, much the larger; white.
prettUy painted with light rose interrupted rays.

Gray, Analyst Quart. Journ. 1838, Part 24. p. 300.

Hab. Japan ; Dr. Siebold.

An extremely interesting species, remarkable for tlie

second lunule, which is formed by the ridiix-s terminating

AKTEMIS.— Plate IV.

in lamellffiform scales before reaching the edge of the shell.
The coloured rays constitute also a characteristic feature in
this comijaratively colourless genus.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artejiis prosteata. Art. testa, qmdratu-orhicidari,
valde depressd, coiicentrice liratd, liris ad latera irre-
gulmiter convergentibm et corrugatis, marginem versus
lamellaribns et squamatis, area ligamenti suhexcavatd,
lunula elongato-cordatd ; sordidefulvd.

The flattened Aktemis. Shell squarely orbicular,
very depressed, concentrically ridged, ridges con-
verging irregularly at the sides and wrinkled, lamellar
and squamate towards the margin, area of the
ligament slightly excavated, lunule dongately cordate;
duU fulvous colour.

Venus prostrata, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (12th. edit.) p. 1133.
Euc. Meth.pl. 277. f.l".

Hab. Mouth of the Swan River, New Holland ; Collie.

Peculiarly inclined to grow square, and further charac-
terized by the irregular converging together and wrinkling
of the ridges.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis corrugata. Art. testa suborbiculari, aliqicanio
latlore quam altd, tentii, convexd, concentrice striatd,
striis in medio fere obsoletis, ad latus posticum Uras
convergentes et corrugatas formantibus, ad latus anti-
cutn minus elevatis, longitudhialiter lineis indentatis
obsolete radiatd, area ligamenti simpUci, lumdd snb-
oblongo-cordatd ; so7-dide spadiceo-albd.

The wrinkled Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, a
little broader than high, thin, convex, concentrically
striated, striaB almost obsolete in the middle, forming
wrinkled and converging ridges at the posterior side,
much less elevated on the anterior side, longitudinally
obsoletely rayed with indented lines, area of the
ligament simple, lunule oblong-cordate ; dull fawn
white.

Eah. ?

A light, thin species, with a greater difference between

the sculpture of the middle and sides of the sheD than

usual.

Species 25. (Mus. Brit.)

Artemis c^kulea. Art. testa orbiculari, medio convexo-
twnidd, postice subangulatd, crassd, concentrice sub-
tiliter elevato-striatd, area ligamenti sublate excavatd,
limuld cordatd ; albidd, umbones versus rosacea et
caruleo tinctd.

The blue-tinged Artemis. Shell orbicular, convexly
tumid in the middle, posteriorly slightly angled,
thick, concentrically finely elevately striated, area of
the ligament rather broadly excavated, luuule cordate ;
whitish, tinged with pink and blue towards the
umboes.

Hab. Eaines' Island, ToiTes Straits ; Captain luce.

A solid species, in which the concentric stria; are not
more prominent at the sides than elsewhere ; whilst the
delicate pink and blue colouring about the umboes is
characteristic.

Artemis, ri.r.

--"''^^iSV.

rby \i\ etlil

ii,eeve BeTiham ^ "Reeve imp

A R T E M I S .

Species 2C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis fibula. Jii. testa urbicidari, crasshisculd,
plano-couvexd, cuncentrice creberrimi te7mistriatd,striis
ad latera mbelevatioribm, ared ligamenti submnpUter
excavatd, lunuld cordatd, profundi iinpressd ; liif.es-
cente-albd.

The button Artemis. Shell orbicular, rather thick,
flatly convex, concentrically very closely finely stri-
ated, stria3 rather more elevated at the sides, area of
the ligament rather largely excavated, lunule heart-
shaped, deeply impressed ; yellowish-white.

Hab. Mouth of the Gambia, West Africa.

Principally remarkable for the deeply impressed growth

of the luuule.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis Africana. Art. testd mborbkulari, umbones
versus subattenuatd, compresso-convexd, concentrice
tenuistriafd, striis ad latera subelevatioribus, ared
ligamenti conspicue lanceolato-excavatd, lunuld cordatd,
swbprofunde impi-essd ; fuscescenie-albd, umbones versus
pellucido-carneo tinctd, intiis sapefusco-rubente.

The African Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, slightly
attenuated towards the umboes, compressly convex,
concentricaOy finely striated, striae rather more
elevated at the sides, area of the ligament conspicu-
ously lanceolately excavated, lunule cordate, rather
deeply impressed ; browiush-white, stained with
transparent flesh-colom- towards the umboes, interior
often brownish-red.

Gray, Analyst, 183S, vol. \-iii. p. 309.
Le Basin, Adanson.
Artemis Adansoni, Philippi.

Hab. Senegal, West Africa.

The transparent flesh-tinge around the umboes of this

species, forms one of its characteristic peculiarities.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)

Aktemis cffiLATA. Art. testd subqnadrato-orbiculari, temi-
icttld, compressd, concenince subtilissime striatd, striis
creberrimis, ad latera viulth paucioribits, subcorruffatis,

ared ligamenti simplici, ared secundd subexcavatd,
tenue laminatd, circumdatd, Itmuld subelongato-cordatd ;
albd, umbonibusjlavicantibus.

The CARVED Artemis. Shell somewhat squarely or-
bicular, rather thin, compressed, concentrically very
finely striated, stria; very close-set, much fewer in
number at the sides, slightly corrugate, area of the
ligament simple, surrounded by a second slightly ex-
cavated thinly laminated area, lunule rather elon-
gately cordate ; white, umboes yellowish.

Hab. Catanaun, Island of Luzon, Pliilippines (in fine
sand at low water) ; Cuming.

Characterized in an especial manner on the posterior
side by a delicately carved supplementary area.

Species 29. (Fig. « and i, Mus. Cuming.)

Artejiis exoleta. Art. testd vix quadrato-orbiculari,
concentrice irregnlariter rude striatd, ared ligamenti
simplici, august d, hmnld obhngo-cordatd, subimpressd ;
lacted, fusc(>>r> ,</, .,-,//,. u^M-nri radiatd aut promiscue
variegatd, /". ' / . 'r.

The worn Aktimi-. sh, II slightly squarely orbicular,
concentrically ii'regularly rudely striated, area of the
ligament simple, narrow, lunule oblong-cordate,
rather impressed ; cream-colour, obscurely rayed or
promiscuously variegated with brownish-red, lunule
brownish.

Desiiayes, Traite Ele'm. pi. 20. f. 9-11.
Fenus exoleta, LinucEUS.
PectuHCidus capillaceus. Da Costa.
Cytlierea exoleta, Lamarck.

Hab. British and European shores (ii

sandy

from low-water mark to a depth of from seventy

to eighty fathoms).
A curious transition may be traced from this well-known
European species, into A. variegata, inhabiting the Eastern
Seas between the Philippine Islands and Australia.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis Cumingii. Art. testd vix orbiculari, postice
conspicue angulato-productd et truncatd, concentrice

subtilissime et creberrime striatd, striis ad latera cun-

Mareh, 1850.

AETEMIS.— Plate V.

veri/odihiis, exlremitalibiiH per marr/iuem posticum
.tquamato-laminalu, area ligamenfi perampld, lata,
pnrum excamld, Immld cordatd, impressd ; albidd,
ferrug'meo-fusco eximie iinctd et radiatd.

('I'MiNC.'s Artemis. Shell scarcely orbicular, conspi-
cuously angularly produced and truncated behind,
concentrically very finely and (;losely striated, stria;
converging at the sides, the extremities being squa-
mately laminated along the posterior margin, area of
the ligament very large, broad, but little excavated,
lunule cordate, impressed ; whitish, delicately stained
and rayed with rust-brown.

Hab. San Nicolas, Island of Zi'bu, I'liilippines (in sandy
mud) ; Cuming.

A very distinct species, remarkable for its angidarly
produced growth posteriorly, and the spacious ligament-
area tluTi'hy occasioned.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis Gbuneri. Art. testa oriiculari, postice suban-
ffulatd, mubones versus paululum attenuatd, compres-
mtscidd, cotwentrice creberrime striatd, striis ad latera
convergentibiis, per marginem posticum sublaminatis,
area ligamenti perampld, parum excavatd, lunula cor-
datd, impressd ; alba, umionibiis flavicardibus.

Gruner's Artemis. Shell orbicidar, slightly angled
posteriorly, a little attenuated towards the umboes,
rather compressed, concentrically very closely stri-
ated, striae converging at the sides, slightly lamina-
ted along the posterior margin, area of the ligament
very large, but little excavated, lunule cordate, im-
pressed ; white, umboes yellowish.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. Cyth. p. 35. pi. S.
f.2.

Ilab. China.

Allied in form and general character to A. Ajncana. but

of larger dimensions.

Arteffiu , ri.VJ

'^-*%5s>

k ,'^J'

■tm

^

^

Beeve Benlmm ■

ARTEMIS

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis penicill.\ta. Art. testa subquadrato-orbwulari,
tmuiculu, compressd, concentrice subtUiter et cfeberrime
striata, area Uganienti vix excavatd, htnuld oblongo-
rnrdatd, subobsoletd ,• carueo-albidd, li/ieis teuuibiis ni-
gricautibus interruptis, iiiargiuem versus peculinriter
radiatd.
The pencilled Artemis. Shell somewhat squarely
orbicular, rather thin, compressed concentrically
finely and very closely striated, area of the ligament
scarcely excavated, lunule oblong-cordate, rather ob-
solete ; flesh-white, peculiarly rayed with fine inter-
rupted blackish lines.
Hah. ?

The radiating interrupted lines of this species have the
appearance of light pencillings.

Species 33. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)

Artejiis v.vriegata. Art. testa orbicidari, nunc tuini-
diusculd, nunc compressd, coiicentrice liratd, liris iu-
terdiiia subt'dibus numerosis, 'mterdmu sublaminatis,
lamiuis umboues versus re/lexis, ared Ugameidi vix
excavatd, lunula cordatd, impressd; albidd, fasciis
tribus rufo-oastaneis plus minus distincte radiatd, in-
terstiliis Uneisjlexuosis, sape inlerruptis, lunula fused,
umbouibus interdum roseis, ared Ugamentifusco tessel-
latu.

TuE variegated Artemis. Shell orbicular, sometimes
rather swollen, sometimes compressed, concentrically
ridged, ridges sometimes fine and numerous, some-
times slightly laminated, the laminaj being reflected
towards the umboes, area of the ligamenit slightly ex-
cavated, lunule cordate, impressed ; whitish, more
or less distinctly rayed with three reddish-chestnut
bands, of which the interstices are painted with flex-
uous lines often inten'upted, lumde brown, umboes
sometimes pink, area of the ligament tessellated with
brown.

(Jkay, Analyst, 1838, vol. viii.p. 30'J.
Venus exokta variegate/, Chemnitz.
Fenus australis, Quoy and Gaimard (not of Graelin

or Chemnitz).
Artemis australis, Philippi.

Ilab. PhUippine Islands, iloluccas, Australia.

The present species, like all those of wide geographical
distribution, is an extremely variable one. In the spe-
cimen represented at Fig. 33 b, ii-om the Moluccas, which
may be regarded as the type, the ridges are more distant,
and the painting darker and more exact ; in that at Fig.
33 c, the ridges are much finer and close-set, the colouring
is fainter, and a curious transition is presented to the
British A. exolela, through the variety figured in PI. V.
Fig. 29 b. The most distinct variety of A. variegata is that
from Australia represented at Fig. 33 a, in which the shell
is more compressed, the ridges more laminated, and the
colouring paler and more broken. The tessellated painting
of the ligament-area and the dark colour of the lunule are
characteristic in all the varieties.

Species 3-1. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis Dunkeri. Art. testa subtrigouo-orbiculan, ««-
dique regulariter concentrice sulcatd, ared Uganienti
siinpUci, humid suboblongo-ovatd, partem impressd;
albd, nitente.
Bunker's Artemis. Shell somewhat triangularly orbi-
cular, regularly concentrically grooved throughout,
area of the ligament simple, lunule rather oblong-
ovate, but little impressed ; white, shining.
Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. Cijth. p. 4. pi. -I.

i. 5.
Rab. St. Elena and Panama, Central America (from sandy
mud at low water) ; Cuming.
A fine species, sculptured with great regularity, be-
longing to the same typical section of the genus as A. cua-
centrica.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis cretacea. Art. testd orbiculari, crassd, postici
suhflexuosd, concentrice tenue striatd, striis ad latera
elemtioribus, prcecipue per marginem posticum, ared
ligamenti subampliter excavatd, lunuld cordata, im-
pressd ; albd.

The chalk Artemis. Shell orbicular, thick, posteriorly
rather flexuous, concentrically finely striated, striae
more elevated at the sides, especially along the pos-
terior margin, area of the ligament rather largely
excavated, lunule heart-shaped, impressed ; white-

Ma

ARTEMIS.— Plate VI.

Hab. ManiUa, Island of Liii^ou ; Cuming.

The stria; have aU the appearance of fine delicate cords.

Fig. 36. (Mus. Cuming.)
This shell proves to be identical with that re]

above at Fig. 32 — A.penicillata. It agrees with it in
form and sculpture, whilst the faint radiating internipted
lines which characterize that shell are present in this,
though not sufficiently distinct to claim the attention of
the artist.

For Sp. 36 see PI. VIII.

,imtt>^.^^

^ ^m^

Artani.s .n.VIJ.

i

K

v%f #-

'■-^s^

%

w

r^:^^

ARTEMIS.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)
Aktemis katiiata. Art. testa orbicitlari, postkP suhflex-
uoso-coutortd, conceidrice crebriliratd, liris subirregu-
laribus, scabriusculis, area ligamenti dmplici, lunula
suboblongo-cordatd, impressd ; albidd, fulvo-rosaceo ra-
diatd.
The rayed Aktemis. Shell orbicular, posteriorly some-
what tlexuously contorted, concentrically closely
ridged, ridges somewhat irregular, rather rough, area
of the ligament simple, lunule rather oblong-cordate,
impressed ; whitish, rayed with fulvous pink.
Halj. Mouth of the Gambia, West Africa.

Tiie rayed painting of tliis species is somewhat faint and
broken, but verv characteristic.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis contusa. Art. testa subglobosd, crassd, antice
subtrigond, concentrice impresso-striatd, liris iriter-
mediis plantdatis, nitentibus, area ligamenii latiusciild,
subexcamtd, limuld late cordaid, impressd; albidd,
umboiies versus lividd, ared ligamenti livido-violaced.

The bruised Artemis. Shell somewhat globose, thick,
triangularly inclined anteriorly, concentrically im-
pressly striated, intermediate ridges flattened,
shining, area of the ligament rather broad, slightly
excavated, lunule broadly cordate, impressed ;
whitish, livid towards the umbones, area of the
ligament livid-\iolet.

Hab. Point Cunningham, North Australia; Uriug.

A stout, gibbous shell, characterized by a peculiar tinge
of violet livid colouring arountl the umbones, and within
the area of the ligament, which is rather broadly, but not
deeply, excavated.

Species 39. (Mus. Cumuig.)
Artemis Sieboldii. Art.tesldorbicniuri,

centrice subtiliter et crelerrime liratd, liris ad latera,
jiracipiie ad posticum, vmlth paucioribus, divaricatis et
corriigatis, s<iuamarum grandimi serie unicd per mar-
ginem. posticum, ared ligamenti latiusculd, vix excavatd,
lunula eordatd; ferrugineo-spadiced, subobscure fas-
ciatd.
Siebuld's Artemis. Shell orbicular, convex, concen-

trically finely and very closely ridged, ridges much
fewer at the sides, divaricate and wrinkled, with a
single row of large scales along the posterior margin,
area of the ligament rather broad, slightly excavated,
lunide cordate ; rusty bay, rather obscurely banded.

Hab. Japan ; Dr. Siebold.

Belonging to the same type of the genus as A. e.mspe-

rata, from which it clearly differs specifically.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Aktemis Patagonica. Art. testd suborbiculari, parim
compressd, concentrice sulcatd, liris ad latera vix pau-
cioribus, ared ligamenti simplici, lunula subumpld ;
albd.

TuE Patagonian Arte.mis. Shell nearly orbicular, but
little compressed, concentrically grooved, ridges
scarcely fewer in number at the sides, area of the
ligament simple, lunule rather large ; white.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. Cyth. p. 3. pi. 2. f. 1.

Hah. Patagonia ; Philippi.

Closely allied in form and sculpture, in the appearance

of the lunule, and in the simple area of the ligament, to

A. concentrica and ponderosa.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis lamixata. Art. testa orbiculari, postice subau-
gulatd, concentrice laminatis, laminis temdbus, umbones
versus refexis, ad latera majoribus, ared ligamenti sub-
excavatd, lunuld eordatd, parvd, impressd ; albd.

The laminated Artemis. Shell orbicular, slightly
angled posteriorly, concentrically laminated, lamina'
thin, reflected towards the umboes, larger at the sides,
area of the ligament slightly excavated, lunule heart-
shaped, small, impressed ; white.

Hab. Basay, Isle of Samar, Philippines; Cuming.

In specimens of less mature growth than that here

figured the lamiuaj are raised throughout the shell.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis trigona. Art. testd trigono-ovatd, crassinsculd,
concentrice subirregiihiriter rugoso-striatd, ared l/ga-

March, 1850.

ARTEMIS.— Plate VII.

menli parviusculd, simjilici, lunula, perampld, mperfi-
ciarid, fere obsoletd; albidd, ferrugineo tbictd, lunula
carulescente-albd, nitente.

The triangular Artemis. Shell triangularly ovate,
rather thick, concentrically somewhat irregularly
roughly striated, area of the ligament rather small,
simple, lunule very large, superficial, almost obsolete ;
whitish, stained with rust-brown, lunule bluish-white,
shining.

Hab. Red Sea.

Somewhat GnatkodonAWc m form, and remarkable for
the widely-spread supei-ficial character of the lunule.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis excisa. Art. testd subtrigono-orbiadari, cras-
duscidd, concentrice rugoso-striatd, area Ugamenti pro-
funde excavatd, lunuld ampld, obsoletd ; albidd.
The excavated Artemis. Shell triangularly orbicular,
rather thick, concentrically roughly striated, area of
the ligament deeply excavated, lunide large, obsolete ;
whitish.
Philipi'I, Abbdd. und Besch. Conch. Cgl/i. p. 4. pi. 2. f. 4.

Fenm excisus, Chemnitz.
Hab. Nicobar Island ; Behn.

The lunule is more superficial and obsolete in this
species than in the preceding. Its chief peculiarity con-
sists in the deeply excavated ligament-area.

Artcmis.TJ.Vm.

.^^.cv.

wertv.cLel et litb.

ARTEMIS

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

Arte Ji IS sericea. Art. tesid transverse ovatd, latiore
qmm alia, coiiceidrice tenuissime striata, area liga-
nienti simpUci, subplanatd, lunula cordatd, subampld ;
flavicnnte-alhd, unbones versus cameo tmcld.

TuE SILKEN Artemis. SheU transversely ovate, broader
than high, eonceutrically very finely striated, area of
the ligament simple, a little flattened, lunule heart-
shaped, rather large ; yellowish-white, tinged with
pink towards the umboes.

Ilab. Japan ; Dr. Siebold.

The minnte and delicate character of the concentric
striiE give the shell a sOken aspect.

Species 44. (Mus. Taylor.)

Artemis Orbignyi. Art. testd orbiculari, solidd, plano-
conve.m, concentrice striaid, striis lennibus, elevaii-
usculis, regularibus, ad latera paucioribus, area liga-
menti laHceolato-e.vcavatd, lunula cordatd, subimpressd ;
albd, umbones versus livido-fuscescenlibus.

D'Orbigny's Artemis. Shell orbicular, solid, flatly
convex, concentrically striated, strise fine, ratjier
elevated, regidav, fewer in number at the sides, area
of the ligament lanceolately excavated, lunide cor-
date, somewhat impressed ; white, livid-brown to-
wards the umboes.

DuNKEB, Philippi, Abbild. uud Besch. Conch. Ci/th. p. :33.
pi. G.f.3.

llab. Guinea ; Tarns.

A shell of rather solid growth, in which the striaj are

rather distant and have the appearance of fine cords. I

doubt if Philippi's A. Uvida is anything more than a

variety of this species.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis Lucinoides. Art. testd sahquadrato-orhicidari,
medio tmnidd, postice subcontractd, concentrice subti-
lissime et creberrirne striata, striis ad latera vix pau-
cioribus, area Ugamenti lanceolato-excavatd, lunula
cordatd, inipressd; sordide albd.

The Lucina-like Artemis. Shell somewhat squarely
orbicular, swollen in the middle, sliglitly contracted

posteriorly, concentrically very finely and closely
striated, striie rather fewer at the sides, area of the
ligament lanceolately excavated, lunule cordate, im-
pressed ; dull white.
Hnb. Moluccas.

Of a peculiar Lucina4o\-m, extremely finely striated.

Species 46. (Mus. Hanley.)

Artemis duplicata. .irt. testd transverse ovatd, latiore
quam altd, concentrice striaid, striis elevatiiisculis, acu-
tis, postice duplicatis, area ligamenti plano-excavatd,
lunuld oblongo-cordatd, impressd ; laded aut flavi-
cante, umhonibus ad apices roseis.

The duplicate Artemis. Shell transversely ovate,
broader than high, concentrically striated, stri*
rather elevated, sharp, ranging two and two on the
posterior side, area of the ligament flatly excavated,
lunule oblong-cordate, impressed ; cream-colour or
yellowish, umboes pink at the tips.

Hab. — ?

One of the chief peculiarities of this species consists in
the strife ranging oft" on the posterior side in pairs.

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis calculus. Art. lestd suborbiculari, plauo-eon-
vexd, compressd, concentrice subtilissime et creberrirne
striato-liratd, area ligainenli subampUter excavatd, lu-
nuld cordatd, impressd ; albd, umbonibus ad apices
pallida roseis.

The pebble Arte.mis. Shell nearly orbicular, flatly
convex, compressed, concentrically very finely and
closely striately i-idged, area of the ligament rather
largely excavated, lunule cordate, impressed ; white,
umboes tinged with pink at the tips.

ILib. Catanaun, Island of Luzon, Philippines (in fine sand
at low water) ; Philippines.
Unusually compressed towards the lower margin.

Species 4S. (Fig. a, Mus. Metcalfe. Fig. 4, Mus. Taylor.)

Artemis Amphidesmoides. Art. testd suborbiadari,

concentrice elevato-striuld, striis ad latera convergenli-

ARTEMIS.— Plate VIII.

bus, paucioribus, area ligamenti simpUci, lunula cor-
data, subimpressd; alba aut rubidd, obscure roseo-
radiata, circa umbones violaceo-roseis.
The Amphidesma-like Aetemis. Shell nearly orbi-
cular, concentrically elevately striated, strise con-
verging and fewer in number at the sides, ai-ea of the
ligament simple, lunule cordate, slightly impressed ;

white or ruddy, obscurely pink-rayed, violet-pint
around the umboes.
Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (in coarse sand at the
depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

The violet-rose colouring around the umboes is very
characteristic in this species.

JrUiin.s.fl.lX-

■•'t

Keev-Be.a.ruiBi,R.««ei">l

ARTEMIS.

Platb IX.

Species 49. (Mus. Hanley.)

Artemis aspera. AH. testa, orhictdari, temdcula, sub-
comjjressd, conceutrice cretierrime striata, striis eleua-
tiiisciiUs, irregularibus, asperis, ad latera parum pro-
itibientioribus, urea Ugamenti plano-excavatd, IcBvigatd,
Ittimld cordatd ; sordide alba.

The rough Artemis. Shell orbicular, rather thin, some-
what compressed, conceutrically very closely striated,
striic rather raised, in-egular, rough and sharp, but
little prominent at the sides, area of the ligament
flatly excavated, smooth, lunule cordate; dead white.

Hah. Manilla (iu sandy mud at low water) ; Cuming.
A light shell, sculptured with sharp uneven strife.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)

xVrtejiis lunaris. Art. testd ohllquii orbicidari,

versus atteuuaid, soUdiusculd, compressd, concentrice
subobsctire impresso-striatd, area Ugamenti planulaid,
parum excavatd, lunula elongato-cordatd ; fiamcante-
albd, mnbonibus ad apices roseis.

The lunar Artemis. Shell obliquely orbicular, attenu-
ated towards the umboes, rather solid, compressed,
concentrically rather obscurely impressly striated,
area of the ligament flattened, but little excavated,
lunule elongately cordate ; yellowish white, umboes
pink at the tips.

Cijthurca lunaris, Lamarck, Auim. sans vert. (Deshayes'
edit.) vol. vi. p. 314.

Eab. Mediterranean.

It seems doutbful whether the Venus hqiinHS of Poli

refers to this species or to the young of Artemis tiucta.

Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis macilenta. Art. testd suborbiculari, valde
in/prjuilaterali, tenuissimd, comprts-id, liBvigald, vet
striis incrementi mimtte notatd, ared Ugamenti sim-
pUci, hmuld oblongd, superjiciarid, vi,v nulla ; albd.

The lean Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, very in-
equilateral, very thin, compressed, smooth, or finely
marked with strife of growth, area of the ligament
simple, lunule oblong, superficial, scarcely any ; white.

Ilab. Salango, West Columbia (in sandy mud at the
depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming.

This very delicate shell, peculiar in fori
to have reached matm-ity.

Species 52. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
ARTE:\ris sculpta. Art. testd suborbiculari, vi.r laliore
quam altd, tumidiusculd, concentrice ereberrime striato-
liratd, liris striis radiantibus sulundulatis ad latera
decussatis, ared Ugamenti simplici, Innuld nblnngn-
cordatd, subampld ; sordide albd.
The sculptured Artemis. Shell nearly orliieular,
scarcely broader than high, rather swollen, concen-
trically very closely striately ridged, ridges decussated
at the sides with slightly waved radiating ridges,
area of the ligament simple, lunule nbloiig-eovdate.
rather large ; dead white.

Hab. ?

The lateral radiating striaj constitute a veiy character-
istic feature in this species, the concentric ridges passing-
over them in festoons.

Species 53. (Mus. C\uning.)

Artemis turgida. Art. testd suborbicidari, subrugosd,
tenuiculd, tumidd, concentrice minutissime striald, urea
Ugamenti subappressd, lunula cordatd, snperficiarid ;
ferrugineo-albd, lineis rufescentibus radiantibus inter-
ruptis obscure penicillatd.

The turgid Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, ratlit-r
uneven, thin, swollen, concentrically very min\itely
striated, area of the ligament a little appressed, lu-
nule heart-shaped, superficial ; rusty white, obscurely
pencilled with fine interrupted radiating reddish
lines.

IM. ?

'I'liis has somewhat the light form and appearance of a

rounded TeUina.

Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis modesta. Art. testd suborbiculari, compressd,
mnbones versus subattenuatd, concentrice mimdissimi el
ereberrime impresso-striatd, striis irregularibus radian-
tibus obscure notatd, ared Ugamenti lanceolato-excavatd.
lunuld oblongo-cordatd, impressd ; carneo-nlbicnult:
nitente.

ARTEMIS.— Plate IX.

This modest Arte.mis. Shell nearly orbicular, com-
pressed, slightly attenuated towards the umboues,
concentrically very minutely and closely impressly
striated, obscurely marked also with irregular radi-
ating strias ; flesh-tinged white, shiuiug.

Hab. ?

Tiie radiating stria? have the appearance of light scratches.

.Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)
Artemis biscocta. Art. testa, subwbiculari, tumidhtsciilu,
coitcentrice striata, strm aspmis, elevatiusculis, pra-

cipiiH ad latera, area ligamenti lanceolato-excavatd,
Imiuld cordatd, impressd ; sordide albd,ferrugineo pal-
lida tiucfd.

The biscuit Artemis. Shell nearly orbicular, rather
swollen, concentrically striated, strise sharp and
uneven, rather elevated, especiaUy at the sides, area
of the ligament lanceolately excavated, lunule cor-
date, impressed ; dead white, faintly rust-tinged.

Hab. Japan; Siebold.

The strise of this species are chiefly distinguished by
(heir sharp broken character.

-f-^

Artemis^ Fl.I.

\

^

H-eeve BenOu^iTL U "Reeve,

ARTEMIS.

Species 56. (Mus. Haaley.)

Artemis ferruginea. AH. testa sitbobliqui orbiculari,
soUdiusculd, compressd, concentrice regtdariter temii-
slriata, area ligamenti subexcavatd, lunula oblongo-
cordatd, inipressd ; carneo-albidd, circa umiones fer-
rugineo-rufd, apicibus alhis.

The rusty Artemis. Shell somewhat obliquely orbi-
cular, rather solid, compressed, concentrically regu-
larly finely striated, area of the ligament slightly
excavated, lunule oblong-cordate, impressed; flesh-
white, rust-red around the umboes, tips white.

Hab. ?

With somewhat the aspect of a Tellina, this sheU is of
rather solid growth, having little external sculpture and
a deeply impressed lunule.

Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis nanus. Art. testa orbiculari, subcordatd, gib-
bosiusciild, concentrice liratd, liris acutis, subdistanti-
hus, ared ligamenti siniplici, lunula perampld, super-
ficiarid ; sordide alba.

The dwarf Artemis. Shell orbicular, subcordate,
rather gibbous, concentrically ridged, ridges shai-p,
rather distant, area of the ligament simple, lunule
very large, superficial ; dead white.

Hab. ?

The ridges of this species are large, and somewhat
distant from each other in proportion to the size of the
shell.

Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.)

Artemis glauca. Art. testa transverse ovatd, latiore
quam altd, compressinsculd, concentrice striata, striis
medio superficiariis, ad latera acute et tenuissime lira-
tis, liris obscure serraiis, ared ligamenti vix lanceo-
lato-excavatd, lunula cordatd, ivtpressd ; glauco-albidd.

The glaucous Artemis. Shell transversely ovate,
broader than high, rather compressed, concentrically
striated, striae superficial, sharply and finely ridged
at the sides, ridges obscurely serrated, area of the
ligament slightly lanceolately excavated, lunule cor-
date, impressed ; glaucous white.

April

Hab. San Nicolas, Island of Zebu, Philippnies ; Cuming.
A small compressed shell, smooth and polished in the
middle, finely serrately ridged at the sides.

Species 59. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

Artemis simplex. Art. testd longitudinaliter orald,
muUh altiore quam lata, concentrice striata, \triis
medio subobsoletis, ad latera profundioribus, limiild
oblongo'-ovatd, concavo-impressd ; lacted, nitente.

The simple Artemis. Shell longitudinally ovate, much
higher than broad, coucentricaUy striated, striH^
rather obsolete in the middle, deeper at the sides,
lunule oblong-ovate, concavely impressed; cream-
coloured, shining.

ITanley, Cat. Eecent Shells, pi. sv. f. 41.

IM. ?

An interesting species belonging to the A. concentrica
type, distinguished from all others by its longitudinaUy
ovate form.

Fig. 27
This shell proves to be a
scribed at PI. V.

(Mus. Metcalfe.)

variety of A. Africatia, de-

Species 60. CMus. Hanley.)

Artemis toeeida. Art. testd suborbiculari, soUdiusculd,
concentrice acute elevato-striatd, striis subdistaniibus,
ared ligamenti lanceolato-excavatd, lunuld -mblate cor-
datd, profunde impressd; sordide albd.

The torrid Artemis. SheU nearly orbicular, rather
solid, concentrically sharply elevately striated, striie
rather distant, area of the ligament lanceolately ex-
cavated, lunide rather broadly cordate, deeply ini-
pressed ; dead white.

Hab. Mouth of the River Gaboon, West Africa.

Concentrically sculptured with fine cord-like striw, after

the manner of A. Orbignyi.

Species 61. (Mus. Ilanley.)
Artemis longilun.vta. Art. testd subquadraio-orbicf
1850.

ARTEMIS.— Plate X.

lari, temii, valdi compressd, sub leiite rmUatini im-
presso-striatd, eoncentrice creherrime tenuistriatd, striis
ad latera paucioribus, elevatiusculis, svhcorrugatia, area
Ugaiiienti laUusculd, subplanidatd, lunula peculiariter
dowjato-cordatd ; Jlavicante-alhd.
The long-lunuled Artemis. Shell somewhat squarely
orbicular, thin, very much compressed, radiately im-
pressly striated beneath the lens, concentrically very
closely finely striated, striffi fewer in number at the

sides, slightly raised and corrugated, area of the
ligament rather broad, a little flattened, lunule pecu-
liarly elongately cordate ; yellowish-white.

Hab. ?

Approaching A. penicilMa in form, but distinguished
from it in detail of sculpture, and in the elongated exten-
sion of the lunule.

ARTEMIS

Plite.

Adamoni, Pliilippi V.

Africana, Gray V.

alata, Reeve IV.

Amphidesmoides, Reeve VIII.

anus, PhiUppi II.

aspera, Reeve IX.

audralis, Philippi VI.

biluuulata, Gray IV.

biscocta, Reeve IX.

Bruguieri, Gray IV.

Cfelata, Reeve V.

caerulea, Reeve IV.

calculus, Reeve VIII.

Chinensis {Femes), Chemnitz ... I.

compta, Luven I.

coQcentrica {Venus), Gmelin ... 11.

coutusa. Reeve VII.

corrugata, Reeve IV.

cretacea. Reeve VI.

Cumingii, Reeve V.

discus, Reeve II.

Dunkeri, PJdlipjn VI.

duplicata, Reeve VIII.

exasperata, Philippi IV.

excisa {Veims), Chemnitz VII.

exoleta {Fenus), Liim V.

ferruginea, Reeve X.

fibula, Reeve V.

(jigantea, Sowerby I.

glauca. Reeve X.

Gruneri, Philippi V.

hepatica, Philippi I.

incisa, Reeve III.

isocardia, Bunker I.

Japoiiica, Reeve III.

juvenilis (Femes), Gmelin I.

lamellata. Reeve III.

laminata, Reeve VII.

lincta {Vemis), Pulteney I.

livida, PhQ VIII.

longilunata. Reeve X.

Lucinoides, Reeve VIII.

lunaris {Cyth.), Lamarck IX.

macilenta. Reeve IX.

modesta. Reeve IX.

nanus. Reeve X.

nitens. Reeve III.

Orbignyi, Bunker VIII.

Patagonica, Philippi VII.

penicillata. Reeve VI.

plana. Reeve III.

ponderosa, Gray I.

prostrata {Fenus), Linn IV.

radiata, Reeve VII.

rufa {Cyth.), Lamarck I.

seabriuscula, PUilippi III.

scalaris {Cyth.), Menke II.

sculpta, Hanley IX.

sericea. Reeve VIII.

Sieboldii, Reeve VII.

simplex, Hanley X.

subquadrata, Hanley III.

subrosea. Gray IV.

torrida, Reeve X.

trigona. Reeve VII.

turgida. Reeve IX.

variegata (Fenus), Chemnitz . . VI.

Sj). 23. A. prostrata. Add as synonyme A. Bruguieri, Gray, Analyst, 1838, vol. viii
Sp. 52. A. sculpta. Add authority, Hanley, Catalogue of Recent Shells, pi. xv. f. 42.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

L U C I N A

Wisdom and spirit of the uuiverse,

Thou sold that art the eternity of thought,

That giv'st to forms and images a breath

And everlasting motion ;

Not with the mean and vulgar works of man.

But with high objects, mth enduring things.

With life and TizXme.— Wordstoortli.

JjUcma,I'lJ-

s.

i

f

\

V;

^;V'

W

^ecvrBfTiliara t Kfeve mlj.

L U C I N A

Geuus LUC!INA, Bniguure.

Testa 2dermnque orhicularis, aid plana ant g'Mosa, sapimme

aquivalvis et inceqidlateralis, wmioniius parvis. Cardo

variabilk, modo varie dentatus, modo edentattcs. Im-

pressiones muscidares dktatdes, antica varie prolongata.

Shell mostly orbicular, either flattened or gibbous, most

frequeutly etjuivalve and inec|uilateral, with the

umboes small. Hinge variable, sometimes variously

toothed, sometimes toothless. Muscidar impressions

distant, the anterior one variously prolonged.

The species referred to the genus Lnchia in the following

monograph, are a somewhat heterogeneous assemblage,

comprehending ten or a dozen distinct types of form,

each of which is characterized by a particular kind of hinge

and external sculpture. Some of these forms have been

regarded, and not improperly so, as separate genera, but

all are alike distinguished in the interior of the shell by a

prolongation of the anterior muscular sear. There are,

moreover, few in which the internal surface of each valve

is not peculiarly grooved, or striated, or punctured.

These sections of the genus are severally represented by
the following species — L. tigerma, Jamaicensis, Fenmyl-
va/iica, Philippiana, borealk, deut'ifera, ChUdreni, 7;<'(?to;,
divarieata, cornea, and rotundata ; and the structure of the
hinge is regarded in each as a specific, not a generic
character. The shell varies exceedingly in composition,
being in some species extremely thin and fragQe, whilst
in others it is very stout ; it is, however, somewhat re-
markable for the absence of external colour or painting.

In the first type, L. tigerma (Genus CodaJda, Scopoli),
the shell is characterized by an elaborate decussated
sculptm-e, and the valves are mostly red-coloured about
the interior margin; L. Jamaicensis represents a group
(Genus Phacoides, De BlainviUe) in which the shell is
only concentrically sculptured, and alhed to this in form
are the groups typified by L. Penmyhauica and denlifera,
the former being distinguished in form and by a pecidiar
horny epidermal coat, the latter by having the concentric
ridges serrated and sealed. In L. Cldldreni the shell is
remarkably inequivalve ; in L. pecteii and its congeners
it is variously radiately sculptured ; and in L. divarieata
and allied species (Genus Strigella, Tiu'ton), the external
surface of the valves is variously rippled, so to speak,
with waved divaricating lines. The shell of L. boreal is
(Genus Triodoiiia, Schumacher) is of a rounded solid

August

growth, very closely concentrically sculptui-ed. In all these
the hinge approximates more or less to the Femes type,
with sometimes the addition of remote lateral teeth,
though in one or two species all teeth are obsolete ; but
in the very characteristic group typified by L. PldUppiana ,
most generically distinct of all, the shell is very gibbous,
thin, and always toothless, the hinge being strengthened,
in the absence of teeth, by a dift'erent position of the
ligament, which forms a broad strap, as it were, across the
dorsal margins of the valves. The hinge of L. rotundata
and several other species (Genus Biplodonta, Broun) is
remarkable for an erect bifid tooth, and iu L. cornea and
its allies, also very generically distinct, the shell differs
fi'om all the preceding types in being smooth with a polished
horny epidermis of a dai-k olive colour. The lunde of
the shell in most of these groups is curious, iu belonging
more to one valve than to the other. The shell, instead
of opening through the centre of the lunule, as in Artemis,
opens mostly on one side of the lumde.

Of seventy Lucince here described, the localities are
known of about fifty. Ten species inhabit the seas of
Europe, ten are fi'om the Philippine Islands, L. horealis
being found iu both these localities, eight inhabit the West
Indies, seven the west coast of Central America, and the
remainder are from the Bay of Honduras, North Australia,
New Zealand, Eed Sea, Senegal, Brazil, Panama, China, anil
Peru. In noticing the geographical distribution of the
genus, the chief circumstances to be remarked are, firstly, that
the beautiful type represented in the Bay of Honduras by
L. tigerina and exasperata, appears at Torres Straits, North
Australia, in L. interrnpta, and at Panama in L. pimdala ;
and, secondly, that the characteristic form L. Pemmjhanka
from Jamaica, is represented at Senegal, on the west coast
of North Africa, by L. colimihella, and on the opposite
side of the continent, on the shores of the Bed Sea, by
L. speciosa. The European species have little or no
typical relation, and none of the types of the genus
appear to have any particular local character.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA KUGIFEKA. Luc. iestd ovatd, longioru iiuam alia,
compressiusculd, radiatim subobscure sulcata, liris con-
centricis corrugati-s vndique compicue exscnlptd, sukis
radiantibus ad latera subprofmidis ; lucted, pallide
Sjiadiceo conceidrice fasciatd.

1S50.

LUCINA.— Plate I.

The WRINKLF.D LuciNA. Shell ovate, longer than liigb,
rather compressed, radiately somewhat obscurely
grooved, and conspicuously sculptured tlu-oughout
with concentric wrinkled ridges, radiating grooves
rather deep at the sides ; cream-colour, concentrically
banded with light iawn-colour.

Eeeve, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 68.

Hab. ?

This species is characterized by light fawn bands, more

or less obscure, upon a dark cream-coloured ground ; and

the sculpture has a peculiar wi-inkled aspect.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)
LuciNA PUNCTATA. Luc. testa suhorbicidari, convexd,
lavigatd, radiatlm sulcata, sulcis angustis, linearibus,
plus minus distantiius, ad latera numerosis, confertiori-
bus, valvis intus punctata ; alba, intus luiescenie, mar-
gine vivide rosed.
The punctured Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, con-
vex, smooth, radiately grooved, gi-ooves narrow,
linear, more or less distant, numerous and closer
at the sides, valves punctured within ; white, yellow-
ish witliin, deep rose round the edge.
Fenus punctata, Linnasus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1134.
Cytherea punctata, Lamarck.
Lucina punctata, Deshayes.
Hah. Panama (in sand at low water) ; Cuming.

Distinguished by its smooth surface and narrow radiat-
ing grooves, whilst each valve is conspicuously punctured
in the interior.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina tigerina. Luc. testa oblongo-ovatd, longiore
quam altd, plano-convexd, radiaiim multisulcatd, liris
concentricis undiqne creberrime decussatd ; intus extus-
que albd.

The grained Lucina. Shell oblong-ovate, longer
than high, flatly convex, radiately many-grooved,
very closely decussated throughout with concentric
ridges ; white within and without.

I'enus tigerina, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1133.
Ci/tlierea tigerina, Lamarck.
Lucina tigerina, Deshayes.

Ilah. Bay of Honduras ; Dyson.

This and the foUowdng species have been mostly con-

fovindcd together under the head of L. tigerina.

Species 4. (ilus. Cuming.)

Lucina exasperata. Luc. testa suborbicula

sulcis concentricis et radiantibus tindique creberrimi
decussatd, liris intermediis muricato-nodulosis ; albd,
margine interno rosed.

The sharp Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, convex,
very closely decussated thi-oughout with concentric
and radiating grooves, the interstitial ridges being
prickly-uoduled ; white, margin rose within.

Hab. Bay of Honduras ; Dyson.

This well-known sheU, which is Lamarck's Cytherea
tigerina var. 3, is certainly distinct from that just
described, which he makes the type of the species.

JjUci noy, £1 U

\

'^\

\

;/

^v^^

:^

Sowerl)^ Jtl rt llth

Riifvt Be-nllim i Reevi- imp

L U C I N A

Species 5. (Fig. a, 6, Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA INTEERUPTA. Luc. testd orbiciilari, convexd, noU-
diuscttld, concentrice creierrime tenuiliraid, liris brevi-
fjus, obtusis, Vuieis impressis inarjnidisiatiiibus ad latera
ab umbo)iibus promiscue radiatd, luuuld parvd, cordatd,
subprofundi excavatd; alba, prope cardinem utrinque
rosed, intiis vivide luted.

The interrupted Lucina. Shell orbicular, convex,
rather solid, concentrically very closely finely ridged,
ridges short, obtuse, promiscuonsly rayed at the sides
with inequidistant impressed lines, lunule small, heart-
shaped, rather deeply excavated ; white, rose on both
sides near the hinge, bright yellow interiorly.

Cytlierea interrupta, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Desliayes'
edit.) vol. vi. p. 318.

Hab. Buoly Island, Torres Straits ; Jukes.

A delicately sculptured species, belonging to the same
type as those of the preceding plate, and similarly rose-
coloured on either side of the hinge.

M. Deshaycs is mistaken in supposing this to be a
variety of L. liyeriiia, from Senegal.

Species 6. (jMus. Cuming.)

Lucina argentea. Luc. iesld suborbicidari, convexo-de-
pressd, ad latera vix arigidatd, temdculd, concentrice
acute temdliratd, liris inaquidistautibus, interstitiis
radiatim eximii; corniffatis, cardiiiis deiitibus cidlosis,
subohsoletis ; intus e.rt usque subpellucido-albd.

The silvery Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, convexly
depressed, scarcely angled at the sides, rather thin,
concentrically sharply finely ridged, ridges inequidis-
tant, interstices radiately delicately corrugate, teeth
of the hinge callous, almost obsolete ; semitrans-
parent white within and without.

Hab. Moluccas.

A flattened semipclluci

concentrically sculptured.

Jver-white shell verv

Species 7. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Lucina Jamaicensis. Luc. testa suborbicultiri, coin-
pressd, ad latera ab umbonibus excavato-angulatd, cou-

dinis dentibus centralibus fere obsoletis, lateraiibus
prominentibus, compressis, erectis ; fuscescente-lacted,
intus vivide rufescente-croced, interdum, autem raru,
intus extusque alba.

The Jamaica Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, com-
pressed, excavately angled from the umboes at the
sides, concentrically lameUated, lamellae short, rather
distant, central teeth of the hinge almost obsolete,
lateral teeth prominent, compressed, erect ; brownish
cream-colour, bright reddish-saffron in the interior,
sometimes, but rarely, white within and without.

Venus Jamaicensis, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. vii. p. 24.
pi. 38. f. 408-9.
Lucina Jamaicensis, Lamaivk.

Ilab. Jamaica; Gosse.

This well-known species was called by the early French

conchologists, the Apricot, after the rich colouring of the

interior ; there is, however, a well-marked white variety,

such as that represented at Fig. 7 b, and which is mostly

smaller in size.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina bicornis. Luc. testd globoso-orbiculari, ventri-
cosd, ab umbonibus utrinque leviter excavatd, concentrice
tenuistriatd, rugosd, lunula cordatd, conspicue excavatd,
cardine dente unicd centrali, parvd, duabus lateral/bus
compi-essis, prominentibus, erectis ; fuscescente-ladrd,
intus ru/escente-croceo pullide tinctd.

The two-horned Lucina. Shell globosely orbicidar,
ventricose, slightly excavated on both sides from the
umboes, concentrically finely striated, rough, lunuie
cordate, conspicuously excavated, hinge with a small
single central tooth, and two prominent compressed
erect lateral ones ; brownish cream-colour, faintly
tinged with reddish saffron-colour within.

Ihb. Island of Ticao, Philipjuues (in fine coral sand at
low water) ; Cuming.
Very similar to the following species, except in having

two strongly developed lateral teeth.

centrice lamellatu, lamellis brevibus subdistantibus, car

May, 18.50,

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.

Lucina edentula. Lhc. testd orbiculari, tenuiculd, ven-
tricosu, ab umbonibus utrinque superjicialiter excavatd.

LUCINA.— Plate 11.

cotieentrice mbtiliter el densissims striata, cardine
edentuh ; semipellucido-albu, intus rufescente-croced.

The toothless Lucina. Shell orbicular, rather thin,
ventricose, superficially excavated from the umboes
on both sides, concentrically finely and very thickly
striated, hinge toothless; semitransparent white,
reddish-safl'rou in the interior.

Venus edetiUtla, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. vii. p. 34. pi. to.
pi. f. 427-9.
Lucina edentida, Lamarck.

Hab. Jamaica.

Similarly coloured in the interior to L. Jariiaicemis, from
which it differs in being of a rounder and more ventricose
form. The sculpture consists merely of crowded concen-
tric striae.

The name Venus edentula originated with Linnaeus, but
it is impossible to determine what species the description
was intended to refer to. Dr. Philippi thinks that the
species represented at PI. V. Pig. 23, is the Linnaean V.
edentula, but it does not appear so to me,

luiu/n ,r/u/.

'^Iffe

K

Reeve Benhaia t Ueeve imj)

L U C I N A

Species lU. (Fig. ff, i, Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA DENTlFER.i. Liic. testd trigono-ofbiculari, con-
vexo-depressd, ad latera late sulcata, mhangulatd, con-
ceutrice lamellatd, lamelVm distantibus, termibus, erectis,
margine pidclierrme serratk, ad latus postictim cou-
spicue squamatis ; alba, epidermide tenuissimd corned
indutd.

The fine-toothed Lucina. Shell triangular-orbicular,
couvesly depressed, broadly grooved at the sides,
slightly angulated, concentrically lamellated, lamelte
distant, thin, erect, very beautifully serrated at the
edge, conspicuously squamate on the posterior side ;
white, covered with a very thin horny epidermis.

Jonas, Philippi, Abbild. uud Besch. Conch, vol. ii. p. 30G.
iKf.pl. l.f. -1.

Hab. Suez, Eed Sea.

Distinguished by the beautifully serrated border of the
laminEB, which are conspicuously developed in erect scales
along the posterior margin.

Species 11. (JIus. Cuming.)

Lucina simplex. Luc. testa orblculari, comexa, tmui-
culd, sub(equilaterd,postlcisubobsoletijlexuoso-aiifjiilalu,
C'jiicentrice regulariter creberrhne elemto-striatd, lineis
subtllibus radiantibus dense irregulariter sculptd ; albd.

The simple Lucina. Shell orbicular, convex, rather
thin, nearly equilateral, somewhat obsoletely flexu-
ously angulated on the posterior side, concentrically
regidarly very closely elevately striated, and thickly
ii'regularly scratched with fine radiating lines ; white.

Rah. North Australia ; Jukes.

Very simply concentrically sculptured with striae after

the manner of fine ridges, and, upon examination with the

lens, is found to be rayed with scratches.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lucina Cuildreni. Luc. testd subampld, elUptico-orbi-
cidaii, nmbones versus attenuatd, inaqidlaterd, postice
flexuoso-angulatd, valvd altera plana, alterd convexd,
deiisissime concentrice striata, striis numerosis subtilibus
impressis radiantibus deeussatd, cardinis dentibvs cen-
trcdibus duabus divaricatis prmninentibus, lateralibiis
callosis, subobsoletis ; intits extnsrjue albd.

Mav

Children's Lucina. Shell rather large, elli])tically or-
bicular, attenuated towards the umboes, inetiuila-
tcral, fiexuously angled posteriorly, one valve fiat,
the other convex, very thickly striated concentrically,
decussated with numerous fine impressed radiating
stricE, central teeth of the hinge two in number, pro-
minent, divaricate, lateral teeth callous, nearly ob-
solete ; white within and without.

Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. i. p. 221.

Hab. Brazil.

In this fine species sometimes the right valve, sometimes

the left is the fiat one, the opposite valve in either case

being convex.

Species 13. (Fig. 13 and 14, Mus. Cuming.)
Lucina borealis. Luc. testa suborbiculari, vix inccquila-
terd, solidiu.Kuld, plus minus ve)itricosd, postice obsolete
Jiexuoso-excavatd, aiitice subangulatd, plus minus pro-
ductd, subrostratd, concentrice filoso-liratd : sordide
albd, epidermide fuscescente indutd.
The northern Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, but
little inequilateral, rather soKd, more or less ventri-
cose, obsoletely flexuously excavated on the posterior
side, somewhat angularly inclined, produced, and
subrostrate anteriorly, concentrically sculptured with
thread-like ridges ; dead white, covered with a
brownish epidermis.
Venus borealis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th. edit. p. 1413.
Lucina borealis, Forbes and Haidey.
Tellina radula, Montagu.
Lucina radula, Lamarck.
Testa junior. Lucina alba, Turton.
Hab. Northern Europe and the British Isles. Massachu-
setts, United States ; Gould. Bay of Manila, Island
of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.
The Lucina borealis has a much wider gcograpiucal
range than has been hitherto supposed. The shell Fig. 13
represents the British state of the species, stout and
somewhat globose, dredged at Scarborough ; and that at
Fig. 14, more depressed, with the anterior side slightly
rostrate, is its eastern analogue, collected by Mr. Cuming
in the Bay of Manila, where it is not uncommon.

LUCINA.— Plate III.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA VENUSTA. Luc. testd .mbgloboso-orbiculari, ven-
tricosd, sttbeBquilaterd, radiatim muUicodatd, costis
temibm, mmerods, in parte tnedio anticd subobsoleiis,
lineis trunsversis impresm undiqne undulalo-sculptm,
lunuld oblongd, cardinis dentibus centralikcs aubprond-
nentibus, lateralibus parvis subobsoletis ; alba.

The graceful Lucina. Shell somewhat globosely
oi-biciilar, ventricose, nearly equilateral, ratliately
nianv-ribbed, ribs fine, numerous in the part anterior

to the middle, rather obsolete, undulately sculptured
throughout with transverse impressed lines, lunule
oblong, central teeth of the hinge rather prominent,
lateral teeth smaU, nearly obsolete ; pure white.

Philippi, Abbild. und Bcsch. Conch, vol. ii. p. 206. Luc.
pl.l.f. 2.

Hab. Bay of Manila (sandy mud, shallow water) ; Cuming.

An elaborately carved ventricose shell, perfectly white,
without any indication of colouring, and with very much
the aspect of a Cardium.

Zll-CAyfl^ty. Fl. IV.

..r

:iiCiwei-l;y.ilel et htli

HeeYe BeTilicim fcUeeve, imj.

LUCINA

Species IC. (Fig. a and b, Mus. Cuming.)
LuciNA BARBATA. Luc. testa orUculari, plariulatd, in-
aquilaterd, postice excavato-angulatd, Imigatd, Uneis
incrementi suhrude notatd, lunuld lanceolato-cordatd,
pfnfimd7; excavald, deiitilms callosis, suhobsoletis ;
scniijidlucidn-alhd, epidermide fibrosd hie illic indutd.
The bearded Lucina. Shell orbicular, rather flattened,
inequilateral, posteriorly excavately angled, smooth,
rather rudely marked with lines of growth, lunule
lanceolately heart-shaped, deeply excavated, teeth
callous, somewhat obsolete ; semitransparent white,
covered here and there with a fibrous epidermis.

Hab. — ?

Tlie Light fibrous
characteristic feature.

ilermis of this species is a very

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ll'cina anxl'Lata. Lac. testa orbicnhiri, suhplaiudatd,
bueqidlati'rd, concentrke Iambi idn-Viru Id, I'lrh acidis,
erec/is, ii/lerstifiis concentric^ xlnnliK, Imnihl lancco-
Udo-ovatu, subprofuiide excavatd ; sciuipcllucido-albd.

The annulated Lucina. Shell orbicular, rather flat-
tened, inequilateral, concentrically larainately ridged,
ridges sharp, ereet, interstices concentrically striated,
lunule lanceolately ovate, rather deeply excavated ;
semitransparent white.

Hab. California ?

A thin delicate blue-white shell, sculptured
circular ridsjes.

ith sharp

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina Philippinakum. Lnc. testa orbicidari, vix iiiequi-
laterd, postice excavato-angulatd, conceidrice Urald,
liris subacntis, corrugatis, nunc distantibus, nunc
nunierosis, confertioribus, lirarum interstitiis concen-
trice elevato-striatis, lunuld vix nulld, cardine dentibus
centralibus nullis, lateralibus callosis, fere obsoletis ;
aVid, Uneis subtilibus fuscescentibus ab mnbonibus radi-
antibus pallide tinetd, epidermide laeted indutd, umboid-
bus plus minusve erosis.

The Philippine Lucina. Shell orbicular, inequila-
teral, posteriorly excavately angled, coneentrieally

riilged, ridges rather sharp, corrugate, now distant,
now numerous antl closer, interstices between the
lamina; concentrically sculptured with raised stria;,
scarcely any lunide, hinge destitute of central teeth,
lateral teeth callous, almost obsolete ; white, faintly
marked with fine brownish lines, radiating from the
uraboes, covered with a cream-coloured epidermis,
uinboes more or less eroded.

Hanley, Species of Shells.

Hab. Bay of Manila and Singapore (in sandy mud at, the
roots of Mango-trees) ; Cuming.

This fine species, with its irregular corriigati- seulpture,
epidermis, and eroded umboes, has externally the general
aspect of a Cyrenu.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina Anatellinoides. Luc. testa transverse ovatd,
lenuicidd, vix inaquilaterd, antice subrostratd, postice
obsolete e.vcavato-aiigulatd, miuutissime decnssatim stria-
ta, lunidd purvd, lanceolato-oblongd ; albidd.

The Anatinella-like Lucina. Shell transversely
ovate, rather thin, scarcely inequilateral, anteriorly
subrostrate, posteriorly obsoletely excavately angled,
very minutely decussately striated, lunule small,
lanceolately-oblong ; whitish.

Hab. West Indies.

Distinguished by its Aiiatinella-]ike form. Tiie iutenor

of the shell has some slight tinge of colouring.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina sulcata. Lite, testa orbiculari, depressiusculd,
antice subconspicue excavato-angulatd, concentrice irre-
gulariter acute sulcatd, lunuld parvd ; sendpellucido-
albd.

The gkooved Lucina. Shellorbicular, rather depressed,
anteriorly rather couspicuously excavately angulated,
concentrically irregularly sharply grooved, lunule
small; semitransparent white.

Hal. ?

Though a pellucid white shell, it is of rathei
stance, very closely sharply grooved throughoul

)lid sub

Xuci/ia., 1*1 V

,0

.^r^r

r^^^^^.

.^^^'

MiweTly i3eUt Htli.

Reeve BeiLKauL & lieeve.

LUCINA

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA OVUM. Luc. testa transverse ovatd, tenui, vei/tri-
cosd, incsquilaterd,antice mbrostraid, concentrke tenu-
issime superfieialiter striata, lunula lanceolato-eordatd,
vix cOHcavd, cardine teimi, edentuld ; alhd.

The egg Ltjcina. Shell transversely ovate, thin, ven-
tricose, inequilateral, subrostrate anteriorly, conspi-
cuously very thinly superficially striated, lunule lan-
ceolately cordate, but little concave, hinge thin,
toothless ; white.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (in coarso sand at the
depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

The Litcina represented at Fig. 21 to 24 belong to a pe-
culiar type, of wliich the shell is very thin and ventricose,
without colour or pattern of sculpture, the hinge toothless,
and the ligament developed internally across the posterior
dorsal junction of the valves.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA TUMIDA. Luc. testa suhorliculari, globosd, inrnqui-
laterd, tumidd, tenuissimd, antice subrostratd, concen-
trke SMhtiUssime superfieialiter striata, striis impressis
radiantibus exiliter decussatd, lunula ovaio-cordatd,
vix impressd, cardine edentuld ; alba.

The swollen Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, globose,
inequilateral, swollen, vei-y thin, subrostrate an-
teriorly, concentrically very finely superficially stri-
ated, faintly decussated with radiating impressed
striffi, lunule ovately cordate, but little impressed,
hinge toothless ; white.

Hab. ?

More globose and swollen than the former, lunule

broader, and faintly rayed throughout with impressed

striss.

Species 23. (Rg. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
LuciNA Philippiana. Ltic. testd transverse orbiculari,
valde inmiuilaterd, tenuiculd, inflatd, conee/drice rii-
goso-striatd, corrugatd, lunula vix tiulld; laded, epi-
dermide fuscescente ad latera et versus marginem ven-
tralein indutJ.
Philippi's Lucina. Shell transver.sely orbicular, very

inequilateral, rather thin, inflated, concentrically
roughly striated, wj-inkled, scarcely any lunide ;
cream-colour, covered at the sides and towards the
ventral margin with a light brown epidermis.
Lucina edentula, Phdippi (not of Lamarck).

Hab. ?

Dr. Philippi considers that this is the species originallv
described by Linnseus as Venus edentula ; I do not, how-
ever, concur with this opinion. The term "subdiaphana,"
from the Linuaean description in Mus. Ludov. Ulric. reg
p. 508, will not apply to the shell under consideration,
which is of rather an opake white, more or less covei-ed
with epidermis. The description being vei-y indefinite
throughout, and applicable to half a dozen species, I have
retained the name "edentula" for that which is un-
doubtedly the species so acknowledged by Chemnitz and
Lamarck.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina pila. Luc. testd suborbiculari, teiiui, inflatd.
valde globosd, subeequilaterd, concenirice rugoso-striatd,
lunula ovatd, impresso-concavd ; sordide albd, epider-
mide tenui marginem ventralem versus indutd.

The ball Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, thin, inflated,
extremely globose, nearly equilateral, eoncentricaUy
roughly striated, lunule ovate, impressly concave ;
dead white, covered with a thin epidermis towards
the ventral margin.

Hab. ?

Distinguished by its
lunule.

iry globose form and hollo

Fig. 25. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here figured proves t^ be a globos
L. edentula.

For Sp. 25, see PL IX.

Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lucina malum. Luc. testd suborbiculari, latiore quam
alia, ventricQsd, antice leviter excavatd, deinde subros-
tratd, concentrice creberrime acute striato-liraid, lu-
nula late ovatd, concavd ; semipellucido-albd, intus
vividi rufescenle-croced.

May, 1850.

LUCINA.

The golden-apple Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular,
broader than high, ventricose, slightly excavated
anteriorly, then subrostrate, concentrically very
closely sculptured with sharp stria'-like ridges, lu-
niUe broadly ovate, concave ; semitransparent-white,
brightly stained within with reddish saffron-colour.

-Plate V.

Hub. Island of Ticao, Philippines.

This very delicate and richly-coloured species is dis-
tinguished from L. ederdula, to which it is nearest allied,
by its conspicuous broadly ovate lunule.

.r^

Zu<wNa.Ti:V[.

^

"^^^^^-itiii^

L U C I N A .

Species 27. (Fig.a.b, Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA C.ELATA. Lkc. testd fflobosa, crassmsciihi, tuiuidd,
covicentricL' striata, pecidiariter tindato-calatd et erosd,
cardlne dfiifibiis ceiitralibus dicabus aiiffiisiis, quarum
wid prom'uiidd erectd bifida in utrdipw valvd ; alba.

The carved Lucina. Shell globose, rather thick,
swolieu, concentrically striated, peculiarly carved
and eroded in a waved manner, hinge composed of
two central teeth, one of which is rather prominent,
erect, and bifid in each valve ; white.

Hub. Island of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil (dredged from
a depth of about eleven fathoms) ; Curaing.

This is a remarkable shell, and belongs apparently to
the genus Biplodonta, of which our British Lucina rotwn-
data is the type ; it has, however, the narrow oblong
posterior muscular scar. The hinge is characterized by
a peculiar erect bifid tooth, and externally the valves are
carved with a curious zigzag pattern upon an opake eroded
ground.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina virgo. Luc. testd mbquadrato-orbiculari, erassd,
solidd, postice sttlco compicue excamtd, antice lunuld
ampld late cordatd impressd, concentrice snbtilissime
liratd, liris tenuibm, membranaceis ; semipellucido-
albd, cpidermide tenia corned indutd.

The virgin Lucina. Shell somewhat squarely orbi-
cular, thick, solid, posteriorly conspicuously exca-
vated with a groove, anteriorly with a large broadly
cordate impressed lunule, concentrically very finely
ridged, ridges thin, membranaceous ; semi-trans-
parent white, covered with a thin horny epidermis.

Hab. ?

Eesembling L. colunibella, but more depressed, and
characterized by a simple, and therefore dift'erent sort
of epidermis. From L. Pemwjlvanica it difl'ers in having
a broader cordate lunule.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina Pennsylvanica. Lnc. testa sitbquadrato-orbi-
cidari, erassd, solidd, postice siilco co/ispicue cxxavatd,

June,

antice lunuld ampld oblongo-cordatd impressd, con-
centrice subtiliter liratd, liris ienuibus, memh-anaceis ;
albd, epidermide ienui corned, liras super hie illic
pecidiariter quadrato-squamatd, indutd.

The Tennsylvanian Lucina. Shell somewhat s<|uarely
orbicular, thick, solid, conspicuously excavated on
the posterior side with a groove, anteriorly with an
obloug-eordate impressed lunule, concentrically very
finely ridged, ridges tliin, membranaceous ; white,
covered with a thin horny epidermis, which is pecu-
liarly quadrate-squamate here and there.

Venus Pennsyhaniea, Linna3us, Syst. Nat. p. 1134.

Lucina Pennsi/hanica, Lamarck.

Hab. Jamaica ; Gosse.

This species presents a singular appearance, from the
circumstance that the horny epiderm, composing tlie con-
centric ridges, turns over here and there towards the
umboes in scales, which are mostly square, and look like
solid particles deposited in the interstices.

It is very much to be doubted whether the Lucina
Pennsylvanica really inhabits the shores from whence it
derives its name ; should that not be the ease I would
propose to call it L. grandinata. The specimen here
figured was collected by Mr. Gosse, at Jamaica.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina coLU>rBELLA. Luc. testd globosu, crassissimd,
solidd, postice sulcato-excavaid, antice. lunuld perampld
cordatd impressd, concentrice multiliratd, liris brevi-
Lus subobtusis ; albd, epidermide erassd arete liratd
indutd.

TuE LITTLE DOVE LuciNA. Shell globosc, very thick,
solid, posteriorly suleatcly excavated, anteriorly
impressed with a very large cordate lunule, concen-
trically many-ridged, ridges shoi-t and rather obtuse ;
white, covered with a thick compactly-ridged epi-
dermis.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vi.
p. 230.
Lucina Adamsoni, D'Orbigny.

Hub. Canary and Cape de Verd Islands. Senegal.

In this species the epidermis is formed on the ridges

in stout closely-compacted strips.

LUCINA.— Plate VI.

Species 31. (Mas. Cuiuiug.)

IjUCIna aueantia. Lue. testa siibqmdrato-urbiculari,
i.umidd, crassissimd, solidd, postice mlcato-excavatd,
ardici Immld ampld Micordatd impressd, concoitrke
obscure liratd, liris tenuibus, subrudibus, inegularibiis ;
a/M, inargines versus intvs extusque vivide rufescente-
aurautid, epidermide vix nulla.

I'llE ORANOE-TINGED LuciNA. Shell somewliat squarely
orbicular, swollen, very thick, solid, posteriorly sul-
cately excavated, anteriorly impressed with a large
broadly cordate limule, concentrically obscurely
ridged, ridges thin, rather rude and irregular;
white, bright reddish-orange within and without
towards the margins, with scarcely any epidermis.

Deshayes, Anim. saus. vert. vol. vi. p. 230.

Hab. West Indies.

In form this species is very similar to the preceding,

wanting its cliaracteristic epidermis.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA speciosa. Luc. subquadrato-orbictdari, crassd,
depressiusculd, postice sulcato-excavatd, antice himdd
ampld elongato-cordatd impressd, concentrice liratd,
liris tenuibus, membranaceis ; alhd, epidermide corned
indutd.

The handsome Lucina. Shell somewhat squarely
orbicular, thick, rather depressed, posteriorly sul-
cately excavated, anteriorly impressed with a large
elongately cordate lunide, concentrically ridged,
ridges thin, membranaceous ; white, covered with
a horny epidermis.

Ilab. lied Sea.

The epiderm ridges of this beautiful species are not

turned back towards the umboes as in L. Pennsylvanica,

but incline forwards. In other respects it bears a very

close resemblance to that species, which, as coming from

so remote a locality, is extremely curious.

ZtiemaJ'ini

k-

t^'l^

1

i^

^ ^

Retve.BtTftim taeeveimj

L U C I N A

Species 33. (Fig. 33, 37, and 38 «, A, Mus. Cuming.)
Li'CiNA FIBULA. Luc. ten/d siiboriicularl, 7cmboiies venifs
oiifin iudlnald, dejiresso-convexd, radialim temd-
malaid, codis oblmis, ad lalera divnncatk, striis
niiicrnlrich eh-riitis creheirime el mbtiUssime decus-
.s(,(i\ . nIhiiUi. iiilifnhim rosed aid fiavicunie.
I'liF, iiui riiN L\ (INA. Shell nearly orbicular, inclined
anteriorly towards the mnboes, deprcssly convex,
radiately finely ribbed, ribs obtuse, divaricate at tlie
sides, very closely and finely decussated with con-
centric raised striic ; whitish, sometimes pink or
yellowish.
Ihih. St. Elena, West Columbia (from sandy mud at a
depth of about six fathoms) ; and Islands of Burias
and Ticao, Philippines (in sandy mud at low water) ;
Cuming.
The seven allied varieties represented in this plate
belong to two species, the present of which difters mainly
from the following in the extreme lateral ribs divaricating
off from the plan of radiation.

Species 3-t. (Fig. 31 and 35 a, i, AIus. Cuming.)

LuciNA PECTEN. Luc. testd transverse orhieulari, de-
presso-coiivexd, radiatim leiiuicostatd, costis oblmis,
inlerdani diiplicalis, stn'is elecatis creberrime sijmtuiato-
decussatis ; albidd.

The comb Lucina. Shell transversely orbicular, de-
pressly convex, radiately finely ribbed, ribs obtuse,
sometimes duplicate, very closely sqnamately decus-
sated with raised strife ; whitish.

Lamarck, Auim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vi.
p. 230.

IM. Island of St. John, West Indies; llartvig. Lord
Hood's Island (in the crevices of wells) ; Cuming.
More depressed and rather more transversely orbicular

than the L. fibula, whilst the extreme lateral ribs do not

divaricate oif as in that species.
For Sp. 35, 37, and 38, see PI. X.

(Species 36. Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina rotund ata. Luc. testd transverse subquadratd,

tumidd, valde incequilalerd, leevigatd, Uiteis incremenll

hie illic notatd, lateribiis simpUcibus, lunula uulld,

June

cardiiie deniibus centralibus duabics, (luarum una bifida
in tdrdque valvd ; albidd, epidermide teiiui pnrtini
induld.

The rodnded Lucina. Shell transversely subsquarc,
swollen, very iue(juilateral, smooth, marked here
and there with lines of gi'owth, sides simple, no
lunulc, hinge with two central teeth in each valve,
one of which is bifid ; whitish, partially covered with
a thin epidermis.

Turton, Conch. Dythyra Brit. p. 114. pi. 7. f 3.
Psammobia rulundala, Fleming.
Diplodonta rotundata, Philippi.
Eadem. Diplodonta dilatata, Philippi.

Ilab. Mediten-anean and Southern shores of Britain.

This species, having no ribs, lunule, or lateral excavation,
is far removed in external character from the type of
Lucina, whilst the hinge is distinguished, as in the case
of L. cadata, by a conspicuous bifid tooth. There are
several other species referred to Lucina in this monograph
with a similar characteristic dentition.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina spinifera. Luc. testd longitudinaliter ovatd,
subcompressd, nmbones versus subtrigond, concentrice
creberrime laminato-striatd,striis ad latera elevatioribus,
per marginem posticuni spinoso-stjuamatis, area liga-
meidi lanceolato-planatd, umhonibus compressis, lunula
oblongo-ovatd, peculiariler excavalu ; sordide alba,
ferrugineo tinctd.

Tub spiny Lucina. Shell longitudinally ovate, rather
compressed, inclined to triangular towards the um-
boes, concentrically very closely laminately striated,
striae more raised at the sides, spinous-squamate
along the posterior margins, area of the ligament
lanceolately flattened, umboes compressed, lunule
oblong-ovate, peculiarly excavated ; dull white, rust-
stained.

Fenus spiniferu, Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 577, pi. 17. f 1.
Mtjrtea spinifera, Turton.
Lucina spinifera, Hanley.
Lucina lliatelloides, Philippi.

Hab. Mediterranean and Southern shores of Britain.
Ireland. North Scotland. Norway.
The nearest representative of L. spinifera in tropical

LUCINA.— Plate VII.

seas, so far as the external character of the shell is con-
cerned, occurs in certain species of Artemis, which have
the same flattened ligament-area, and posterior lateral
scales more typically developed. There is, however, no
indication of the internal lanceolate triangular sinus of
Artemis in the shell under consideration.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)
LuciNA FUNICDLATA. Luc. testd oilongo-quadratd, ieimi-
culd, postici anguMo-excavatu, arUice excavatd, lunula

cordaid minutd profunda imprcssd, concentrice lirh
tenuibus fmdculatd ; sordide alba.

The corded Lucina. Shell oblong-quadi-ate, rather
thin, posteriorly angularly excavated, anteriorly
slightly excavated and impressed with a small deep
cordate lunula, concentrically corded with fine ridges ;
dull white.

Hob. Bay of Honduras ; Dyson.

Belonging to the same type as L. Jamaicensis of the
neighbouring sea.

Li,ana,n m.

/

^^^

'^^ii^'

1

L U CI N A .

Species 41. (Mus. C

LrciNA LEUCOMA. Liic. h's/d (ir///ni/n)-/, plaiiicdin-e.rd,

aiUici mperficiaUter exrnmtd. liiinilii uliliuiiii!, jiarrd.

mibprofumld, concentricP /i/iri.s iiicrrmi'iiH nu/i" iiidaid ■

opaco-albd, guasi erosd.
Jwv. ULKACHED LuciNA. Shell orbicular, flatly convex,

superficially excavated on the anterior side, witli 1 he

lunulc oblong, small, and rather deep, concentrically

rudely marked with lines of f;-rowth ; opake «liile,

as if eroded.
TiiirroN, Conch. Dythyra Brit. p. 113. pi. 7,f. K.

Tcllhia htctea, Pulteney.

I.iiriiin hirlea, Lamarck.

l.iirnui .luijiliidrsiiiiokles, Dcshayes.

Jniidiidi-sniii LiirhiriUa, Lamarck.

LurijKS tacleu, Fleming.
Ilab. Mediterraneau and the British Islands (from shallow

water to a depth of eighty fathoms) ; Forbes and

llanley.

The deep internal position of the ligament of this
well-known species, induced Lamarck to place it in tlic
s;enns .linphidesiiia.

Species 42. (Mus. Cumnig.)
l.ucuNA oBLmUA. Ltic. tesld suborbicidcin, aidicc oblique
inclinatd, soUdiuscidd, stnis conceiiiricis et radiaidibii.s
iindique creberrime deciissaid, cardhie denlibus duabiis
parvis ci'iifraUbus et duabiis brevibus ereciis siibd'us-
taiilibun lidiTcdibus hi idi'dqiw vnhd ; albidd.
The oBLitiuE Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular, anteriorly
obli(iucly inclined, rather solid, very closely decus-
sated throughout with radiating and concentric stria%
hinge with two small central teeth and two rather
distant .short erect lateral teeth in each valve ; whitish.
l[nh. Uhusan ; H. Benson.

The decussated sculpture of this oblicpiely inclined
.species is very close and obtuse ; and the hinge is charac-
terized in each valve by two widely separated erect lateral
teeth.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina Janeibensis. Luc testd subquadmio-orbicnlari,

(iibbosd,tHiiiidd, conceidrice rude striutd ; (dbidd.

J une,

The Janeiko Lucina. Shell somewhat squarely orbi-
cular, gibbous, swollen, concentrically rudely striated ;
whitish.

Ilab. llio Janeiro.

A gibbous shell of very simple character, witliout auv
lunule.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina ochuacea. Luc. testa orliicutari, couwxd, sub-
Pect'miformi, ad latera mperficiaUter excavatd, radia-
tim creberrimc temdliratd, tiris ad latera distaidiuribuis,
coiiceidrke subtilis.sime lam'matd ; opaco-tnted.

Tile yellow Lucina. Shell orbicular, convex, some-
what Pecten-shaped, sujjerficially excavated at tlu-
sides, radiately very closely finely ridged, ridges more
distant at the sides, concentrically very finely lami-
nated ; opake yellow.

IJab. ?

This species is stained within and without with a
jieeuliar opake yellow, which has the appearance of having
been applied artificially, but that I have seen other speci-
mens, besides the one figured, similarly coloui'ed.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina scabra. Luc. testd orbiculari, convctd, sub-
Pecliniformi, ad latera subexcamtd, radiaiim lenid-
liratd, lirk alternatim majoribus, nndique imbricato-
squamatis, lunula elongato-cordatd, subprofunde im-
pressd ; semipellucido-albd.

The hough Lucina. Shell orbicular, convex, somewhat
Pecten-shaped, slightly excavated at the sides, ra-
diately finely ridged, ridges alternately larger, imbri-
cately squamate throughout, lunule elongately cordate,
rather deeply impressed ; semitransparent white.

LAMAiicK,Amm. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vi. p. 227.

Ilab. Bay of Mexico.

The radiating ridges of this species are characterized

throughout with scales, after the manner of Lima squamosa.

after the man
and diff'er from those of tln^ followi
centric sculpture.

hav

LUCINA.— Plate Vlll.

Species 1.6. (Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA MURICATA. htc. testtt orMculari, coavexd, sub-
Pectin iformi, ad later a subexcavatd, liris radiantibus
el concentricis undique creberrime cancellalis, liris ad
latera disiantioribus ei inwicalis ; aUiidd, inlerdum
ferrugineo patlide liiwld.

The prickly Lucina. Shell orbicular, convex, some-
what Pecten-shaped, slightly excavated at the sides,
very closely cancellated throughout with radiating
and concentric ridges, which are more distant from
each other at the sides, and prickly ; white, some-
times faintly tinged with rust.

Telliua nmricata, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. xi. pi. li)!).
f 1945, 6.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru (in soft mud at a deptli of eleven
fathoms) ; Cuming.
Distinguished from the preceding by its concentric

sculpture, and prickly, rather than scaly, ridges.

intervals the margin of the shell, and which
prominent on the posterior side.

Species 47. (ilus. Cuming.)

Lucina divakicata. Luc. lestd orbiculnri, s/tbr/lobosd,
IfBvigatd, bifariam sidcato-striatd, striia atitc innHiim,
regulariler divaricald, marginibus iiicmncnli dcilicii-
latis, prtBcipue ad latiis posticiim ; peUncido-dlud.

The divaricate Lucina. Shell orbicular, somewhat
globose, smooth, groove-striated in two ways, striae
regularly divaricate from before the midtUe, edges of
growth denticulated, especially on the posterior side ;
transparent white.

TclUiin divancala, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. I'^thedit. p. 1120.
Lw'inu divaricata, Lamarck.
Telliua dentala. Wood.

Hab. West ladies. Cape York, North Australia ; Jukes.
Mainly distinguished from the allied species wiiich

follow, by the denticulated borders, which have formed at

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina ornata. Luc. lestd suborbiculari, gibbosd, anlice
subobliqite inclinatd, bifariam sulcato-striatd, striis
ante medium regulariler divaricaiis, marginibus incre-
ineidi subobtim deidicnlatis, pracipue ad latus ymti-
cim ; semipeUiicido-albd.

Thi; ornamented Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular,
gibbous, rather obliquely inclined on tlie anterior
side, groove-striated in two ways, striae regularly
divaricate from before the middle, margins of growth
rather obtusely denticulated, especially on the pos-
terior side ; semitransparent white.

Hab. ?

The detail of sculpture is the same in this species as
in the preceding, except that the margins of growth are
less conspicuously denticulated ; the shell differs, how-
ever, materially in form, beiug inclined obliquely on the
anterior side, whilst it is uniformly of smaller size.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiriNA eburnea. Luc. testa orbiculari,globoso-cunvexd,
solidiusculd, bifariam sulcato-striatd, striis ante me-
dium regidai'iter divaricatis ; pellucido-albd.

The ivory Lucina. Shell orbicular, globosely convex,
rather solid, groove-striated in two ways, strite regu-
larly divaricate before the middle ; transparent wliite.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia and Panama (in sandy
mud at a depth of eleven fathoms) ; Cuming.
!More globose in form than the two preceding species,

with the divaricating grooves rather more distant from

each other, more circularly disposed at the sides, and not

denticulated at the margin.

\

Liicina.Fl.J ■

^^

wm

i^

^

^

Fitient leeve.jmj

L U C I N A

Species 14. (Miis. Cuming.)

LuciNA N()VO-Zklandic.\. Liic. festd mliglohosd, hue-
qiiilatern, j/on/iiv tiiiiiiih'i,rn,irriilr'irP r/trK- //■/■lyi'/m-ifi'r
striata, hnniU! „„lh;. ranli,,,' ,h;,Ohi,^ rmlrallbiiK ,liia-
lim ill ntniqurenh-i!, qminiiii imi'i n-^rlil . Iiijiild ■ iillmld,
i'pid«-mid<- fmcfisceiite indutd.

I'liK New Ze.\land Lucina. Shell somewhat globose,
inequilateral, swollen postei'iodv, eoncentrically rudely
irregularly striated, no lunule, hinge with two central
teeth in each valve, one of which is erect and l)itid ;
whitish, covered witli a li>.,dit Ijrowu ei)idermis.

llnh. New Zealand.

The hinge of this specii's is distinguished by a central
tiilid tooth, characteristic of the genus Diplodoida.

hinge with two central teeth- in each valve, one of

which is bifid ; whitish, covered with a shiniiii:

horny epidermis.
Tilth. Isle of Muerte, Bay of Guaya(|uil (in sandy nuid

at a depth of about eleven fathoms) ; Cuming.
Distinguished from the preceding by a more depressiy
orbicidar form, which, though slight, appears to l)e cha-
racteristic.

Species 51. (M us. Metcalfe.)
LrciN.i AlJAXriONl. Luc. testa depresso-oHiiciilnri, xidi-
(eqiiilatfrd, concentrice tenuistriatd, Itiuiiid miHd, nir-
dine denfibus ceiitralWiis diuihiis in iitrdiiiir eiilrd.

quay

bifida; albidd, qddi'nxide

Ijl,;

■"/"'-'

Species :-'.J. (Mus. Cuming.)

LuciNA CORNEA. Luc. tf.sld Ciirdiifdfiiii , pnnUdum ultiore
quam loncjd, depressiuscnld, hmiild iiiilld, concentricii
impresso-striatd, cardine drntihiis rrulnilihiis diiahus
in utrdqtie valvd, qiiarnm and hijidd .■ ulliidd. iqmhn--
niide corned pallidi oUvncn! liilndi- indutd.

I'liE HORNY Lucina. Shell (^'ardium-shapcd, a little
higher than long, rather depressed, no lunule, con-
centrically impressly striated, hinge with two central
teeth in each valve, one of which is bifid ; whitish,
covered with a light olive shining horny epidermis.

llnh. Gulf of Nicoiya (in coarse sand at a depth of from
ten to thirteen fatlioms) ; CuiniuL;'.

The first of a small group included in tiiis plate, all
having a bifid tooth nearly similar to that of Biplodoiitu,
but more especially characterized by the presence of a
shining horny epidermis.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina nitens. Luc. testa depresso-orbicidari, siib-
Cardliformi, postice sitboblique incluiatd, concentrice
impresso-striatd, lunidd uulld, cardim dentibus cen-
tralibus diiabns in idrdque valvd, quarimi una bifida ;
alhidd, epidermide cornea olivaced nitente indutd.

The shining Lucina. Shell depressiy orbicular, some-
what Cardium-shaped, posteriorly rather obliquely
inclined, concentrically impressly striated, no lunule,

June,

nitente, pallide olivaci'd, pi
tinctd, indutd.

AdaNSOn'.s Lucina. Shell depressiy orbicular, nearly
equilateral, eoncentrically finely striated, no lunule,
hinge with two teeth in each valve, one of which
is bifid ; whitish, covered with a thin shining horny
epidermis of a pale olive-colour, mostly rust-stained
about the middle.

Le Faluu, Adanson.

Hid). Senegal.

Covered with the same shining horny epidermis which

characterizes tlie two preceding sjioeies from Central

America.

Species 33. (Mus. llanley.)

Lucina Saksk. Luc. testd subquadrato-orbiculuri, inn-
qudidi'i-d, tniuiisimd, hifiatd, postice snicafd, cuacen-
trici subtilissime rude striata, area Idjamenti oblonyo-
ovali, subexcavatd, luuuld oblongo-ovali, teviter exca-
vatd, cardine edcntidd ; albd.

Sars' Lucina. Shell somewhat squarely orbicular, very
thin, inflated, grooved on the posterior side, con-
centrically very finely rudely striated, area of the
ligament oblong-oval, a little excavated, lunule ob-
long-oval, slightly excavated, hinge toothless ; white.

Jxinns Sarsii, Loevcu, Ind. .Moll. Scandinav.

Ilai. Sweden.

A very thin inflated toothless shell, difl'eriiig from the
tumid edentulate Lucina of PI. V. by the characteristic
oval excavated lumde and ligamentary area.

LUCINA.— Plate IX.

Species 53. (Miis. Hanky.)

T;iicrNA GLOBULARIS. Luc. tenia sulxjlohom, knui, m-
flatd, priEcipui circa tcmiones, lavigatd, aid coneentrice
irregulariter temistrlatd, Innuld nulld, card'me denti-
iiis duabus centralibiis in utrdque vahd; albidd.

The globular Lxjcina. Shell subglobose, thin, in-
flated, especially around the umboes, smooth or cou-
centrically irregularly fiuely striated, no lunulc, hinge
with two central teeth in each valve ; whitish.

JiAMARCK, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vi.
p. 231.

Halj. New Zealand.

This shell in Mr. Hauley's cabinet is referred to the

above-named Lamarokian species, on the authority of a

continental collector from whom it was received.

The silk-clad Lucina. Shell somewhat squarely orbi-
cular, inclined obliquely on the posterior side, thin,
depressed, concentrically impressly striated, no lunule ;
semitransparent white, covered with a shining pale
olive horny ejiiderniis.

Hab. ?

This and the following species are of the same cha-
racter as the second and third of this plate, differing,
however, essentiallv in form.

LIjO]

Species o-i. (Mus. Cuming.)
BA. Luc. testd globom, valde glbbom, Iso-
riirdiiijonni, h'ij)ni(iM hdl- xiilailis, lirin corrwgato-
11,1, lulls, inilr uK-dii'hi dirani iilis. iiilcrsl iliis coneentrice
wlililiwiun' ilririlis, Imnilii ^inrcii, niliiiidato-cordutd ;
ulbd.
The gibbous LucaNA. Shell globose, very gibbous,
Isocardia-shaped, broadly grooved in tvi'o directions,
ridges corrugately waved, divaricate before the middle,
interstices concentrically very finely striated, lunule
small, rotundately cordate ; white.
Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 1825, p. 13G.

Tellina divaricuta purs, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. vi.

pi. 13. f. 130.
Tellina spliaroides, Conrad.

Hab. ?

This tine species may be readily distinguished by its
very gibbous Isocardia-like form, and broad corrugate
cri-ooving.

Species 5G. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lucina Tellinoides. Luc. testd depresso-oi-biculari,
poslice suboblique incUnatd, coneentrice snbirregulariler
I et tenuissime impresso-striatd, Imiuld tiulld ; semi-

I pellucido-ulbd, epidermide corned Jlavicante niienle

indutd.
The Tellina-like Lucina. Shell depressly orbicular,
rather obliquely inclined on the posterior side, con-
centrically rather irregularly and very finely impressly
striated, no lunule ; semitransparent white, covered
with a sliining yellowish-horny epidermis.
Ilab. Isle of Mucrte, Bay of Guayaquil (in sandy mud
at a depth of about eleven fathoms) ; Cuming.
This and the allied species represented in this plate,
should, doubtless, be arranged under a separate genus
allied to Diplodotita.

Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)
;iNA SEBICATA. Luc. tcstd subquadrato-orbiculmi,
postice oblique inclinatd, teiiui, depressd, concentric!}
impresso-striatd, lunuld nulld ; semipellucido-albd,
epidermide corned pallide olivaced nitente indutd.

Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina fuiabilis. Luc. testd orbiculari, subaquilaterd,
tenui, tumidd, coneentrice subirregulariter et tenuissime
striatd, lunula nulld ; rosaceo-albd, epidermide tenui
j corned nitente indutd.

I The fuiable Lucina. Shell orbicular, nearly equi-

j lateral, thin, swollen, concentrically rather irregularly

' and very finely striated, no lunule ; pinkish-white,

covered with a thin shining horny epidermis.

Hab. ?

Belonging to the same type as the preceding species,
fi-om which it differs specifically in being of a more
rounded swoUen form and of larger size.

JLucin£L'.Pl.X.

j^

■I

f

r%^

^1

Sovruib'y.tlA

L U CI N A .

Plate X.

Species 35. (Miis. Cumiug.)

Li ciNA lit'LLULA. Lvc. testd ffloboso-ovaid, lentii, in-
Jlatii, InferihiiK stihalatd, cniicenfrict' sit/iti/is.iiiiii s/ri-
ntd, hniuld fix iiiiUd. rardim- nh-ntiih, : iiicanialo-
albd.

The LITTIJ-. juiniiLF, LrclNA. Shcllglobosely ovate, thin,
inflated, slightly winged at the sides, concentrically
very finely >triate(l, scarcely any lunule, hinge tooth-
less ; tlesii-tinged white.

Ihh. ?

A very slight species partaking of the form aiul general

character of Ci/renoides.

Species 37. (Mus. Cumiug.)

Li'ctNA Antillauum. Liic. testd subcordato-ovatd, cras-
siitxciild, rndlat'im suhohsoleQ liratd, liris planis, sub-
distiiiildjiia, striis elemtis cuncentricis concinne cla-
thrntd, liinuld parvd, conhld ; alhidd, luteo tinctd.

TiiK Wi.sT India Lucina. Sliell somewhat cordately
ovate, rather thick, radiati'ly rather obsoletely ridged,
ridges llattiiii d, rathrr distant, neatly latticed with
coucentric raised stria', lunule small, cordate ; whitish,
tinged with yellow.

llab. Island of St. Jolui's, West Indies ; Hartvig.

Of an unusually gibbi
red throuu-hout.

ate form, veiT neatly lat-

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)

INA I'ECTF.N. Luc. /i'.\/ii .suhdl-liiriilari, ob/ii/ld' J/ro-
dnctii, Cii/dt inrrqiiiliilfrii, en

ijirrs.,;, lu-ls Kllblill/ili.s rn-

diuntibns d coiimilricis denm'lallirald, liinuhl lanceo-
lato-oblonyd ,■ luiescente-albd.

The comb Lucina. Shell nearly orbicidar, produced ob-
liquely, very inequilateral, compressed, closely lat-
ticed with fine radiating and concentric ridges,
lunule lauceolately oblong ; yellowisli-wliite.

Lamarciv, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. vi.
p. 230.

Hab. Mediterranean.

This, and not the shell described and figm-ed at Sp. 31,
appears to be the true Z. /;«'/*'« iniiabiting the Mediterra-
ueau and coast of Senegal. For the former species from

August.

the West Indies and the Pacific, I propose
the name Loccidfiitntis.

Fig. 41 h. (Mus. Cimiing.)

The shell here figured represents a larger and finer
state than that niven at PI. VIII. of L.kncoma, Sp. -11.

Species 5S. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina ovulum. Luc. testd globosd, injlald, locvigatd,
attt, sub lenti', radlatim tenuissime striatd, lumdd oh-
lonyo-cordatd, swpi'rficiarid, cardine edentulo ; alhidd,
intus Idc illic palUde croced.

The little egg Lucina. Shell globose, inflated,
smooth, or, beneath the lens, radiatcly very finely
striated, Inmdc oblong-cordate, superficial, liingc
toothless; whitish, tinged here and there with light
saiTron-colour.

LLab. Mauritius.

A light toothless shell similar to L. bullida, but more

gibbous and truly globose.

I'ig. 3(5 b. (Mus. Cuming.)
A small variety of the British L. roiimdala.

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina lbucoph.eota. Luc. testa suborbicidari, crassi-
iisculd, concentric^: rugoso-driatd, lunula planatd, vix
nulld, cardine deiililms dimhn^ divaricatis, quorum uno
dnplicato, in utniqiic niird . sordide alba, gwasi erosd,
epidermide olivaccd parluu indutd.

The russet-clad Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular,
rather thick, concentrically roughly striated, lunule
flattened, scarcely any, hinge composed of two di-
varicate teeth in each valve, one of which is dupU-
cate ; dead white, as if eroded, partiaUy covered witii
an olive epidermis.

Hub. ?

This is rather a doubtful Lucina, of stout growth,

and covered with an epidermis, which is not usual in the

genus.

1850.

LUCINA.— Plate X.

Pig. 39 b. (Mus. Ciiming.)
kn authentic specimen of PUilippi's Uicina UiaieUoi.de
which proves to be identical with L. spmifera.

Species 60. (Fig. ", b, Mus. Cuming.)
LuciNA icTEEiCA. Luc. testd siibtrigouo-orbkulun, so/i-
dd, sitbcompressd, cotwentrice laminato-striatd, striis
mnbones versus plus minus abrasis, sub lente minutis-
sii)w radiatim striatd ; lutescente-albd.

The .iaundiced Lucina. Shell somewhat triangularly
orbicular, solid, rather compressed, concentrically la-
minately striated, the striae being more or less
abraded towards tlie umboes, beneath the lens very
minutely radiately striated ; yeDowish-white.

Hnb. ?

In this species the ligament is situated in an oblique
internal pit, as in the British L. leucoma, partaking in
that respect of the character of Amplddesma.

Lufj/ia.lV.X].

m

/%

LUCINA

>pc(

(Mus. Cuiuiiig.)

LuciN'A ARCUATA. LiK. k'std oMiqiie orbicidari, subcom-
jn-essd, hemgcitii, striis tiiidaJalis transverse exsculptd,
humid oUonrjo-cordatd ; semipdlucido-cdhd.
The rippled Lucixa. Shell obliquely orbicular, rattier
compressed, smooth, transversely engraved with
waving- stria;, lunule oblong-cordate ; semitrans-
parent white.
Cardiin.i. orciiohr,,!. .Montagu, Test. Brit. p. S.5. pi. .3. f. i.
L„cn,„ arcinilu, Fleming.
Tt'Uitia divaricdta pars, Ijiunu'us.
Lucina divarica(a,'Forhes ami llanh-y.
Lucina comnmtata, Philippi.
Ilab. Mediterranean.

This is one, among many instances, in whicii two or
three species were confounded by Liunteus uuder one
head. Irrespective of its small size, it differs from the
true L. dwaricata of the West Indies in not being
denticulated ou the posterior side, and in the wavcil
transverse strife being loss sharply divaricate.

Species (32. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina flexuosa. Luc. testa SHbtrigono-orbkidari,
Icevigatd, postlce sulcutd, sidco latiitsculo suhprofmido
ab umbone in itlrdque oidod riidiante, cardine dente
luueo snbobscuro ; albidd.

The flesuous Lucina. Shell somewhat triangularly
orbicular, smooth, grooved posteriorly, the groove
being rather broad and deep, radiating in each valve
from the umbo, hinge with a single obscure tooth ;
whitish.

renus s'muosa, Donovan, British Shells, vol. ii. pi. 1-2. f i.
Tellina flexuosa, Montagu.
Amphidesma flexuosa, Lamarck.
Lucina sinuata, Lamarck.
Cryptodon flexuosum, Turton.
Axinus flexuosus, Loeve'u.

Eab. Britain; Sweden; Massachusetts, U. S.

The accompanying figure of this species is taki
an American specimen, supplied by Dr. Goidd.

1 from
Upon

our own shores it
growth.

Species Gy. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lucina ferrugi.nosa. Luc. lesld orbicular i, subobliqud,
puslicc uhohde sulcata, concentrici ohscuri costcllatd,
H)iiboHibus subprotiiim'idibus ; sordid!: ferrugiiwo-fuscd.

The rusty Lucina. Shell orbicular, somewhat oblique,
posteriorly obsolutely grooved, concentrically ob-
scurely rililicd, nmboes rather prominent; dirtv rust-
brown.

FdUBKs and IIaxley, Brit. Moll. vol. ii. p. 00. pi. 31. f. 1.
Kcltici fi^rrugiiiosa, Forbes.

CliiKsina fcrruginoau, ahjssicola, and Crouliiicnsis.
JcllVeys.

Uab. Crete and the :\Iorea ; Captains (Graves and Spratt.
Loch Fyue and Skye, North Britain (in mud at the
depth of 120 fathoms); M'Andrcw.

This little species may be easily recognized by its thick

niious coa

Species (i4. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lucina ge.mma. Luc. testa quadrato-oblougu, plana,
tenimsinid, utrinque sulcutd et alatd, coiiccntrici: ele-
ganter lauiinatd, laminis subtiUssunii serralis, ad latera
squamato-productls ; peUucido-alid.
The gem Lucina. Shell squarely oblong, flattened, very
thin, grooved and winged on each side, concentrically
elegantly laminated, lamina; very finely serrated,
squainately produced at the sides ; transparent white.
Hab. Loay, Island of Bohol, Philippines.

.Vn exquisitely sculptured species, allied to L. dentifera.

Species 65. (Mus. Cuming.)

LucENA digitalis. Liic. tcstd subtrigoun-orbiculari,
convexd, umlique oblique circulariter striato-snlrald ,•
albidd, rufo radiatu, epidermide lutesceide indutd.

The digital Lucina. Shell somewhat triangularly or-
bicular, convex, obli([uely circularly striately grooved
throughout ; whitish, rayed with red, covered with a
yellowish epidermis.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Desliayes' edit.) vol.vi. p.2.'U.

Hub. Gibraltar; M'Andrew.

Very characteristically engraved with fine grooves,

ranging oblicjuely across the shell in a eii'cidar manner.

August, 1S50.

LUCINA.— Plate XL

Species 66. (Fig. n, i, Mus. Cuming.)

LrciNA PISUM. Luc. tesia globoso-cordritd, solidd, costis
roiiceiitricis H rad'wtis tloisirlafliraid, liiterstHUs foveo-
lafis, latere postico siilcato, aiitico Itn-ri, hiiinld parvu,
profitnde excavatd ; albidd.

The pea Lucina. Shell globosely cordate, solid, thickly
latticed with concentric and radiating ribs, of which
the interstices are pitted, posterior side grooved,
anterior short, lunule small, deeply excavated ; whitish.

Ilah. Port Essington ; Jukes. Singapore (in sandy mud
at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
A small solid Isocardia-like species about the size and

form of a pea, engraved with strong blunt latticed

sculpture.

Species 67. (Mus. Cuming.)
Li:i:iNA LENTICULA. Ltw. testil orbiculari, depressimculd,

concentrice creherrime lamii/afo-striaid, lunula obloiigo-

cord aid ; albd.
Thf. little leks LufiNA. Shell orbicular, rather

depressed, couccutrically very closely laniinately

striated, lunule oblong-cordate; white.

Hah. ?

Partaking very much of the Ibrm of Arlemk, but want-
ing the lanceolate pallial siiuis which is characteristic of
that senus.

Species 68. (Mus. Cuming.)
LuciXA CALCULUS. Luc. testd cordato-ovatd, alt'wre quam

loiKjd, crassiusculd, Icevigatd, poUtd ; nitide albd.
The pebble Lucina. Shell cordately ovate, higher

than long, rather thick, smooth, polished ; shining

white.
Ilab. Gulf of Nicoiya (dredged from among coarse sand

at a depth of from ten to thirteen fathoms); Cuming.

A small smooth shining white shell of rather solid
growth.

Species 69. (Mus. Cummg.)
Lucina fabula. Luc. testd oblongd, planimcwld, utrin-
que subalatd, concentrice eleganter laminato-striatd,
area Uyamenli lanceolato-pland, himdd lanceolatd,
convexd; pellucido-albd.
The little bean Lucina. Shell oblong, rather flat-
tened, slightly winged on each side, concentrically
elegantly laminately striated, area of the ligament
lanceolately flattened, lunule lanceolate, convex ;
transparent white.
Hab. Bataugas, Island of Luzon, Philippines (in coarse
sand at a depth of nine or ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
Slightly produced on each side, and sculptured through-
out with delicate concentric lamime.

L U C I N A .

JJaiisoni, D'Orbigny VI.

alba, Tui-tou III.

Amphidesmoides, Dush VIII.

Aiiatellinoidcs, Reeve IV.

annulata, Reece IV.

Antillariim, Reew X.

arcuata {Cardium), Montagu . XI.

argentea, Reeve II.

aurantia, Beshayes VI.

hai'bata, Reeve IV.

bicornis, Reeve II.

borealis {Venus), Liim III.

bulhila, Reeve X.

ca'lata, Reeve VI.

oaknilus, Reeve XI.

Childreni, Graij III.

columbella, Lamarck VI.

commufata, PliUippi XI.

ccjnica, Reeve [X.

dentifera, Jonas III.

digitalis, Lamarck XI.

divaricata (TelUna), Liim. . . . VIII.

divaricata, YorheskilanlLj . XI.

ebunica, Reeve VIII.

edentida [Venus), Clicmn. ... II.

edent>ila,V\i\\\])^\ V.

exaspcrata, Reeve I.

tabula, Reeve XI.

feiTUgiuosa, Forbes ^y Hanlei/ . XI.

fibula, Reeve VII.

flexuosa {Venus), Donovan ... XI.

friabilis. Reeve IX.

funiculata, Reeve MI.

gemma, Reeve XI.

gibba, G-ray IX.

globulai'is, Lamarck IX.

Hiatelloides, Plulippi VII. ai

icterica. Reeve X.

inteiTupta {Cytk), Lamarck . . II.

.(amaiceusis (re-HHs), Cliemn. . II.

30 '

13

41

19

17

37

61

G
31
16

8
13
35
27
68
12
30
61
25
10
65
47
61

Janeirensis, Reeve VIII.

laclea, Lamarck VIII.

lenticula, Reeve XL

leucoma, Turton VIII.

leucopha!ota, Reeve X.

malum, Reeve V.

muricata {TelUna), Chemu. . . VIII.

nitens, Reeve IX.

Novo-Zelamlica, Reeve IX.

obliqua. Reeve VIII.

occideutalis, Reeve VII.

ocliracea. Reeve VIII.

oniata, Rt-ece VIII.

ovulum, Reeve X.

ovum, Reeve V.

pecteu, Lamarck X.

Peuusylvanica(r««(s), Liun. . VI.

riiilippiaua. Reeve V.

I'liilippinaram, Hanley IV.

pila. Reeve V.

pisum, Reeve XL

punctata (Fewefs), Linn I.

nidula, Lamarck III.

rotundata, Turton VII.

rugit'era. Reeve I.

Sarsii {Minus), Loeveu IX.

scabra, Lamarck VIII.

Senegalensis, Reeve IX.

sericata, Reeve IX.

simplex, Reeve III.

shinatn, Lamarck XL

spcciosa, Reeve VI.

spiiiil'cra {Venus), Montagu . . . VII.

sulcata. Reeve IV.

Teilinoides, Reeve IX.

tigerina {Vemis), Linn I.

tumida. Reeve V.

venusta, Pk'dippi HI.

virso. Reeve VI.

Sp. 31. Fori./jf

ERRATA.

, Lamarck, read L. OLxiiU'iitalis, Reeve.
■om, reaa L. S^u.yalenscs, Reeve.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE (iENUS

HEMIPECTEN.

Mucli more eath to tell the stars ou hy,
AJbe they endless seeme in estimation,

Than to recount the sea's posterity :
So fertile be the floods in veneration.—

Jl&rupecten', K..

'"^

X^

€

V

p

On Sr-'-l tvj ^1

PuMislied by Reeve . B enUim aui f-eeve-

HEMIPECTEN.

f genus, proposed l)y
the ' MoUusca of the

Genus IIemipectf-n, Adam and Iti'i'w.

Tesin ndharem, inaquivalvis, irregularis, InjaUna, valvd
siiperiori aiitice shiiplid, postice vix aurirtdatd, valvd
iiifiriiiri anlire xl,„pli,-i, pnslir:- rnii^pifur iitnivnluld,
infra am-in,l,ni, pnfnnii snauda ,'! dnilinilatd ; car-
diac cdiiidulu, Uijiiuicido levder iiiuryinidt, rartUagiiie
parvo ill cavitatem cmtraleni.

Shell attached, iiiequivalve, irregular, hyaline, upiier \alve
simple anteriorly, very slightly auriculatcd posteriorly,
lower valve simple anteriorly, conspicuously auricu-
lated posteriorly, deeply sinuated and denticidated
beneath the auricle ; hinge edentulate, ligament
slightly marginal, with a small cartdage in a central
cavity.

The subject of the present
Mr. Arthur Adams and myself
A''oyage of the Samarang,' is an incquivalve shell of the
lamellibranchiate family Pecliiiacea, intermediate in its
characters between Pecieii and Aiiomia. Like Anomia it
is a thin liyaUue substance, adhering to some foreign
body, and of an irregular growth, according to the inequa-
lities of its place of attachment. Like Pecteii the hiiine
consists of a slight marginal ligament, intersected in tlic
middle by a small triangidar cartilage, situated in the
hollow of a superficial cavity in each valve. The untk'r
valve is distinguished by a conspicuous auricle on the
posterior side, and beneath this is a sinus so deeply cut
in the direction of the hinge-margin as to remind one of
Ptdum, especially when presented with the under valve
closed upon the hollow of the upper one, as in Fig. 1 4,
3 b ; and the margin of this sinus, as indicated in sonic
of the Pecleiis, is fm-uished with a row of sharp erect den-
ticles. The shell bears some resemblance to Pedum, from
the circumstance of there being no corresponding sinus in
the upper valve ; but it is apparently only a character of
resemblance, not one of affinity. The shell has no uni-
bonal area ; nor are the sides of either valve reflected.

The observations to be derived from the microscopic
structure of Hemipecien which has been kindly ex-
hibited to me by Dr. Carpenter, are, however, singularly
contradictory to the views presented by its external cha-
racters. Of the two .specimens collected, the texture and
composition of both valves consist of a hyaline semi-
pearlaceous lamina, presenting a series of closely-paeked
concentric lines, the interstices of which arc minutely rayed
with much finer lines. Submitted to the microscope, tlic

ll'it v^ilvc in botii .■iiiecimeus (I'ig. 1 a, 3 (/,) is permeated
by copious tubuli, a character in which the genus agrees
with Pedniii and with some species of Lima, and (lifters
from Pecteri. Tliis tubularity Dr. Carpenter observed to
exist also in the upper valve of the colourless specimen
(Fig. 1 c), but not in the other (Fig. 2 c), so far as tlie
]?ryozoon u])on its surface allows of an examination.

Tiie upper valve of the coloured specimen Fig. 2 c.
possesses a rudimental sculptm-ing over its entire surface ;
but as it may have received this from the parasite, and
exhibits no other appreciable point of dift'erenoe, we have
not ventured to distinguished it specifically from (lie
white specimen.

Species 1, (Fig. 1 and 3, Mus. lie

IIeMII'ECTEN F0RBESI.\NUt

Anomiffformi, tcu

Hu

nip.

testa orbicular

Ad

hjalind, concentrice lineaid,
linearuni iiderstitiis eximii reticidatis ; valvd inferiori
plauulatd, auricula longitudinaliter radiatd, sinu pro-
fmidn, valvd snperiori convexd, vix aiiriculatd ; pel-
liiddu-alM, valvd snperiori interdum rufo-auraidio
radiatd.

iEs' IIemipecten. Shell orbicidar, Aiiomia-shaped,
very thin, hyaline, concentrically liueated, interstices
between the lines delicately reticulated ; lower valve
flattened, auricle longitudinally rayed, sinus deep,
upper valve convex, scarcely auriculated ; transparent
white, upper valve sometimes rayed with orange-red.
us and Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc. IStO, p. 133, Mo/-
liisca, pi. 1. f. 2. and Moll. Voy. Samarang.
/la/i. Sooloo Archipelago, Eastern Seas (dredged from a
coi-al and stony bottom at a depth of about foui-teen
fathoms) ; Belcher.

Two specimens of this interesting new form were col-
lected during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, one smooth
and white, the other slightly sculptured in a decussately
corrugated style, probably from the effect of the Bryozoon
which covers it, and rayed with orange-red. The under
valve is smooth in both specimens, sliowiiig it to have
been attached ; the upper valve is more or less covered in
both with various parasitic objects.

We have the pleasure to name the species in honour of
Professor Edward Forbes, who notices the genus, in ids
valuable work on the British Mollusca, as aflPording a
curious intermediate link between Pectcii and Anomia.

September, 1.S4'.)

HEMIPECTEN.— Plate I.

1 represents the smooth oolourless specimen,— «,
interior of the under valve; h, the valve closed, pre-
senting the exterior of the under valve ; c the valves
closed, presenting the exterior of the upper valve.
3. represents the coloured and slightly corrugated

specimen,-

interior of the upper valve,

which

not shown of the former specimen ; b, the valves
closed, presenting the exterior of the under valve ; c,
the valves closed, presenting tbe exterior of the upper
valve ; d, interior of the under valve ; — all of tht^
natural size.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE (iENUS

L I V A

■\Wi;lI hi.l'sl Hum i„ (l,_v tre

Thou hoUow-somuUng ind i.,.,. , „,„„ ,

.Pale glistering pcnrls, and rainbow-colom-ed .■<hcU.

Bright things that gleam unrcck'd of, and in vain'"-,7/r.v H,-

i main ■

O/n-J J'' I

IieleTi'-Ree-^r un}-

L I V A .

Genus OLIVA, Bncguiire.

Te.iia obloiiya, Irsvis, mhcylindracea, had emarginata, spird
plenmqice breviuacidd, suttiris pet'uliariter canalicu-
lafis, columelld pUcatd, plicis obsciiris, variis, sape
plamdatis e( callosis. Apertura elongata, angmta,
interdnm mhpatula.

Shell oblong, smooth, somewhat cylindrical, cmarginated
at the base, spke generally rathe]- short, with the
sutures peculiarly canaliculated, columella plaited,
plaits obscure, variable, often flattened and callous.
Aperture elongate, narrow, sometimes rather wide.

The Olives ai-e a verj' distinct group of moUusks, par-
taking of the characters of Cypi-aa and Ancillaria, but
more of the latter than of the foimer genus. The shell,
as may be gathered from its enamelled interior, is en-
veloped by certain parts of the animal, and like that of
Oyprcea is generally composed of two or more layers of
different pattern. This variety of colouring is not, how-
ever, shown at different stages of the shell's growth as
in Cypraa : it is only to be discovered by removing the
outer coat with acid. Hence it may be inferred that the
different coatings are deposited simultaneously dui'ing the
formation of the shell, whilst the mantle is fur-led, so to
speak, over the edge of the lip, and held in a state of
tension by a cord which passes into the narrow sutural
channel of the spu-e. Specimens of 0. gihhosa and Bra-
silieusis are frequently sold by dealers with the outer
coating removed to show the pattern beneath, in order to
give them the appearance of other species.

The genus Olivet has generally been regarded as one
of which the species are extremely diSicult to determine.
They have not proved so on examination. Species, bke
0. reticularis, for example, which difl'cr very much in
form, are distinguished by a marked peculiarity of pat-
tern ; and others, Kke 0. injiata, which present an almost
endless variety of pattern, are characterized by some pecu-
liarity of form. In 0. ispidiila, which varies in an ex-
traordinary degree both in form and pattern, the shell is
constantly distinguished by the same particular colour in
the interior, and there are several species, like 0. crueiita,
whose varieties are but so many different phases of the
same idea of pattern.

The principal localities of this genus arc Mauritius and
the Philippine Islands in the eastern hemisphere, and
Central America in the western. Out of a hundred species

j described in the following monograph, the habitats of
I about seventy are determined. — Mauritius, Ceylon, the
Molucca and Pliilippine Islands yield about twenty-five
species, including the large and richly-coloured 0. treinu-
lina, erythrostoma, Objmpiadina, nobilis, textiUna, &c. ; and
Central America about thirty species. Fifteen of these are
from Panama, Guayaquil, Nicaragua, Mexico, &c., among
which are the giant 0. porphyria, and the beautiful 0. an-
gukita, splendidula, polpasta, testacea, &c., and fifteen from
the West Indies, all of which are small, with the single
exception O.fmiformis. The most northern range of the
genus is at Senegal, West Africa, where, of five species,
two belong to distinct types, one, 0. acuminata, having a
representative on the coast of Sumatra in 0. subala, and
the other, 0. hiatula, a representative at Eeal Llejos,
Mexico, in 0. testacea. At Zanzibar on the opposite
shore of Africa is the characteristic 0. inftata ; and two
very peculiar species, 0. Indnsica and Ancillarioides, are
recorded from Kurrachee at the mouth of the Indus.
Three species from the coast of Brazil, 0. Brasiliensis,
patiila, and aquatilis, present forms which are quite pecu-
liar to that locality. Only two species, of very different
tyjiical character, arc recorded from the west coast of
South America, one of tolerable size and extremely vari-
able in colouring, 0. Periwiaua, the other of small dimen-
sion, 0. colmnellaris. Three species are described from
the Society and Feejee Islands, atid two from Australia.
The following may be noted as peculiar instances of
distribution. The only two species at present known
from the Eed Sea are identical with two inhabiting the
West Indies, 0. miitica and jaspidea. 0. reticularis, in-
habiting the Gidf of California, is found in a smaller state
in the West luilies. 0. Duclosi is found at the Philip-
pines in the Eastern Seas, and at the Society Islands in
the Pacific. 0. hdeontina inhabits the Gulf of California,
and also one of the Galapagos Islands. Lastly, we have a
species, O. crumda, from fom- different localities singularly
remote from each other, — the Philippine Islands, Zan-
zibar, Australia, and the Society Islands.

Species 1. (I'ig. a, h, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva anqulata. OVm. testa ovatd, venlricosd, crassis-

siiud, ponderosd, supra medium angulato-tumidd, spird

breviusculd, colmnelld valde callosd, planiplicatd, plicis

fere obsoletis ; cinereo-albidd, oUvaceo et grlseo mar-

November, IS 50.

OLIVA.— Plate I.

moratd, strigis transverm uigricauf.e-castaneis, acute
angulatu, hie illic longitudinaliter picta, columella
palUde canieold, rosea tineta.

The angled Olive. Shell ovate, veiitricose, very thick,
ponderous, angularly swollen above the middle, spire
rather short, columella very caUous, flatly plaited,
plaits almost obsolete ; ash-white, mottled with olive
and grey, longitudinally painted here and there with
sharply angled transverse very dark chestnut streaks,
columella pale carnelion tinged with rose.

Lamarck, Anim. saus vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 007.
Valuta incrassata, DiUvvyn.
Eadem var. Oliva azemula, Duclos.

Hah. Gulf of Nicoiya, Central America (in sandy nmd at
the depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming.

There is little variation in this tine species, which is dis-
tinguished from all others by its very thickened angular
growth, and sharply zigzag bokl splashes of colouring.

Species 2. (Fig. «, Mus. Cuming ; Fig. b,
Mus. Steere.)
()LIVA PORPHYRIA. Olw. tesfd cgUiidraceo-obhugd,
veidrkosd, permnpld, spird hmi, suMepressd, apice

elato, columella tumidd, undique dense plicatd, plicis
paululum ohscuris ; violaceo-carned, lineis ustulato-
rufa undique angiilato-reticulatd, maculis grandihus
obscure bifasciatd, columella had violaceo tinctd.

The porphyey Olive. Shell cylindrically oblong, ven-
tricose, very large, spire short, rather depressed, apex
raised, columella swollen, densely plaited throughout,
plaits a little obscm-e ; violet-flesh colour, angularly
reticulated throughout with burnt-red Unes, and
obscurely two-banded with large blotches of the
same colour, columella tinged at the base with violet.

Voluta parphjria, Linuffius, Syst. Nat. (13th edit.) p.
1187.

Olivia porphyria, Lamarck.
Cylinder porphyreticus, D'Ai-genville.

Hab. Panama (in sandy mud at low water) ; Cuming.

This fine species, the largest of the genus, is remark-
ably distinct from any other. From the peculiarity of
its mai-king it has been long known as the ' Camp Olive.'
Eegarding the shell in the position in which it would be
if the animal were placed with its head to the left of the
observer, the interstitial spaces of the net-work have the
appearance of a dense encampment of various-sized tents.

OUi'a.TI.JI.

UM-^i%\

3.2.

4-. J.

J. c.

L I V A

Species 3. (Fig. 3 a and 3 c, Miis. Steere ;
Fig. 3 b, Mus. Colo.)
<)liv.\ nobilis. 0/iv. iestd eloiiffato-ci//Mraced, crns-
siiisciild, spird srepissiiiie acumbialo-e.Mertd, aufradihu^i
prope ad siiluras et ante medium siibcoutraclis, pliris
cnhimnlhtrihiis vix mciiierosis, anteriorihus fortiuscuUs ;
pallidi hided, nigricanie-fusco reticulate trifasciatd et
loiiijitudiiialiter undatn-drigntd, cohmielld et apertiirrp
fauce carneolo-lacteis.
The noble Olive. Shell clougatcly cylimlricnl, rather
thick, spire most frec^uently ac\iminately exserted,
whorls somewhat contracted near the sutures and
before the middle, columellar plaits not very numerous,
the front ones rather strong ; pale cream-colour,
rt'ticulately three-banded and longitudinally wave-
streaked with blaekish-brown, enbunella and interior
of the aperture earnelion creani-crjloiir.
Hah. ilauritius.

In a genus of which the species arc so nearly related,
and the individuals of species so variously painted,
opinions must necessarily diU'er greatly as to the value
and limit of specific character. Although it has been my
eiuleavour to restrict the number of species where an ob-
servation of many specimens shows them to have been
founded upon varieties, I cannot bring my mind to believe
that the shell under consideration, which has been referred
sometimes to 0. tremuUna and sometimes to 0. en/iliro-
stoma, belongs to either species. Not uncommon iu col-
lections, and easy of recog\iition, it is uniformly of larger
and more solid growth than its congeners, and of a pale
canielion cream-colour, richly banded and blotched in net-
work style with dark brown, the brown being blue-clouded
as in other species. M. Duclos gives a very characteristic

figure of it under 0. enjthrodoma, at PI. 31. f. 7.
two rather inditferent figures of it under 0. tremnUm
PI. 11. f. 5 and 7, of his monograph.

Species -t. (Fig. a, Mus. Cole; Y\g.b, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva pondekosa. Oliv. testa ohhngo-cylindraced, crassd,
obesd, spird parum exuerld, nnfractu ultimo upicem
versus plus minus producto, plicis coluniellaribus sub-
numerosis, parlini evanidis ; lacted, strigis undatis aui
rt'/ir/i/ii/tn hrcr'ihus inli-rrnptis obscure carulesceiifibus
(lilt rii)liii;-;.<. Iiir illii- fiiscis, sparsim pictd, cohnueUd
et iipertnnr faiio- curneolo-ulbis, aperturd iiiterdum
cariieo-nifescente tinctd.

The ponderous Olive. Shell ol)long-cylin<lrieal, tliick,
stout, spire but little exserted, last whorl more (u-
less produced towards the apex, columellar plaits
rather numerous, but partially faded ; cream-white,
sparingly painted with obscure bluish or violet short
interrupted streaks, here and there brown and re-
ticulated, columella and interior of the aperture car-
ncUou-wliite, aperture sometimes tinged with Hesli-
pink.

Duclos, Mou. Oliv. PI. 15. f 8 and 9.

Rab. Mauritius.

This fine species is distingiushcd from the prei-eiling
and allied forms, by its sobd structure and by the pro-
duced growth of the last whorl at its hind extremity,
where it rises into a callo>ii\ ,ilin\r the smIiht al'ii-r tin-

manner of O.maura. 'I'lie ikiiiiHiiu- i m-i-. nf si-nttcred

interrupted brown streaks, n licuhilnl iu ^.Lirrs, dhx-nnd
into a bluish violet or milky aspect, by an overcharge of
tlic same colourless enamel as the ground.

Ausust, lS-')0.

(9/i^'a..n III.

. . 5' '

I

iw I ^^ ^

(

f

>

^^^

^^*^v

S.rwerTjj.icletlilU-

i'recLeric Ri-i-ve. iiup.

L I V A .

Species 5. (Fig. n, c, and c, .Mus. Cole ; Fig. b,
Mus. Stecre, and Fig. (/, JIiis. Cuming.)

<)i,i\A Olvjipi.\dina. Oliv. testa ohlongo-cyUndracea,
rrassir, infra nuturas mhcontracld, spird exsertu, an-
frnctii ultimo ad extremilaiem posticam apertune cul-
lo!in-proditcto,2>Ucis columdlaribt(s plus minus evaiddis;
(dhd, purpurascente-fusco suhobscitre dilute reticnlatd,
intemi' fiisco srepe perampUter maculatd, colmnelld et
aperturafuuce albis.

'J'liE Olympi.\n Olive. Shell oblong-cylindrical, thick,
.slightly contracted beneath the sutures, spire exerted,
last whorl callously produced at the hind extremity
nl' the aperture, columellar plaits more or less faint ;
w hitc, somewhat obscurely dilutely reticulated with
purplish-brown, often very largely blotched with dark
brown, columella and interior of the aperture white.

DucLos, Mon. Oliv. pi. 13. f. 10 to 12.

Hah. Mauritius.

A magnificent series of about two hundred ispecimens,

all of this species, collected at the Island of Mauritius by
]\Iiss Cole, has enabled me to trace the connection of its
Varieties with great accuracy. As represented at Fig. 5 b
and Fig. 5 e, the slull is faintly mottled throughout with
light milky-purplish uei-work, intereupted with two
broken bands of scattered brown blotches. In the variety
Fig. a the brown increases in quantity, the faint mottling is
broken up, and, except on the under surface of the shell, is
almost obliterated. In the shell represented at Fig. 5 d
the brown is richer, more largely blotched, and the inter-
stices between the blotches present only very faint indica-
tions of the mottled net-work. The species approaches
very nearly in this state to the dark variety of 0. tnmulina.
Fig. 5 c, which in being introduced in this plate was thought
to belong to it. 0. Ohjnipiadhia is always to be distin-
guished in addition to the above-named characters by the
piu-e white enamel of the interior and columella, which
latter is always more callous. The ground is always pure
white, and even the dark brown painting is not unfre-
qucntly over-laid by a very thin milky coating of the same.

August, 1850.

OUva.Fl.IV.

vefty, del et UliL,

liea^eric Ke--e -ou].'.

OLIVA

S|)ecics G. (Fig. a, c, and d, Mus. Stecre; Fig. i,

Mus. Cole, and Fig. e, JIus. Cuming.)
v,v TREMCLIXA. Oliv. testa subelongato-cyliiul raced,
nnfractibm postice et ante medium leviter contraclk,
apice exserto, plicis columellaribtis anterioribus forti-
I'sodis ; cameolo-albCt, nigricante-fusco iuterntpte tri-
fiimatd et dilute longittidinaliter strigatd, strigis
r/pruleo-nebulatis, valde coiifusis, interdimi wndiriue
i?iteim fused, hie ilUc canieolo-albo interruptd, colu-
welld et aperturce fauce atbidis, pleninujuc cariieo-
riifescente tinctis.
: TREHBLINO Olive. Shell somewhat elongately
i-yliudrical, whorls sliglitly contracted posteriorly
and before the middle, apex exserted, front colnmel-
lav plaits rather strong ; carnelion-white, sometimes
three-banded with dark brown, and painted longi-
tndinaUy with blue-clonded streaks very much con-
fused, sometimes dark brown throughout, interrupted

here and there with carnelion-white, columella and in-
terior of the aperture whitish, generally tinged with
flesh-red.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 0U7.
Hab. Maiu-itius and Philippine Islands.

This well-known species has mostly a carnelion-rouge
tinge, but not a positive red interior as in O. erythrostoma.
The specimens figured at 6 c, d, e, represent the ordinary
state of it, densely clouded throughout with blue-shaded
streaks and obscurely three-banded with dark-brown
blotches. In Fig. a, b, the shell is entirely brown except
in a few scattered patches, in which state it passes into
the variety represented in the preceding plate at Fig. 5 c.
This last variety, of which M. Duclos represents a cha-
racteristic specimen at PL 11. f. 8 of his monograph, is
generally of larger size and of more solid growth, pre-
senting almost sufficient character to be regarded as a
tUstinct species.

August, 1850.

011 ra, FI. V

A

m^.

^^

|.r*f

7. i-

OLIVA

Species 7. (Fig- n^ttftg, ilus- Cuming ;
Fig. h, c, d, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva krytiirostoma. OUv. testa oblonyo-cyUHdracm,
crassiusctdu, spirit exsertd, anfractibm postice sape
tumidis, ad suttiras contracth, plicis anticis columella-
rihus fortiusculis ; carneolo-alba, caruleo-viridi, vel
olivaceo, vel purpurea nebulato-strigatd et trifasciatim
maculatd, nomtunquam iriteiise fusco maculatd vel
omniuo fused, columella labro/jue canieolo-albis, aper-
ture fauce vividi riifd.

TnK RED-MOUTH Olive. Shell obloag-cyliudrical,
rather tliick, spire exserted, whorls often swollen
posteriorly, contracted at the sutures, front colu-
mellar plaits rather strong ; carnelion-white, cloud-
-itreaked and three-banded with blue-green, or olive,
or purple, sometimes blotched with dark Ijrown or
altogether brown, lip and columella carnelion-white,
interior of the aperture deep red.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x.
p. 606.

Ilab. Fig. r/, y, Ceylon. Fig. c,/. Island of Mindanao,
Philippines (sandy mud, in deep water) ; Cuming.
This fine species is distinguished from U. treimdma, its
nearest ally, first, in the aperture being stained with deep
red, secondly, in being mostly rather swollen posteriorly
beyond the middle, and, thirdly, in exhibiting a greater
variety of colouring in the painting. At Fig. a, y, the
painting is simply purple-lake upon a white ground. At
Fig. b the ground is camelion, and the painting is of
purple-lake shaded with a rich golden yellow. Kig. <•
represents a very richly pamted dark olive-brown, blue-
shaded upon a camelion ground. At Fig. d the streaks
are of a milky blue-green shaded with the same golden
yellow as in the purple variety b. Fig. e is a variety very
richly painted with dark in miscellaneous angidar blotches,
neither streaked, nor disposed in bands ; and Fig./ is
almost an uninterrupted brown, obscurely banded. These
figures illustrate only a kw of the most striking varieties
of this beautiful species, which might be i;onsiderably
added to if space permitted.

August, 1S50.

Oliva . n. 17.

r "^

t f

5'

>,H /

L I V A

Species S. (Fie;.-?, h. d, Mus. Stoere ; Fig. i-.
Mus. Cmuing.)

Oijv.v iiiiSANS. Oliv. testa, elnngato-cyl'mdra-ced, suhan-
ffiista, spirit nunc acmninato-cxsertd, nunc brevi, phis
minus callosd, plicis columellaribiia iiiliTdii„i snljemni-
dis ; alhdvel carneolo-uVid, a/r/i/if: /i/miri/mx /tiirpureo-
olivaceis, viridi luteoqiw nebulaiia, uculc nndatis, plus
minus iifasciatim reticulatis, nitide pictd, nonnnuquam
luteo-fusco nut nigrieante omnino indutd, anfmctuum
margine spirali fusco pimclalo, nilii,iii-lld puUidi ear-
mold, api'rturce fauce cirriili"i,-i'iili--iill,ii .

The iridescent Olive. Shell elonuately cvlimlrical,
rather narrow, spire sometimes aeumiuately exserted,
sometimes short and more or less eallous, eolumellar
plaits not unfrequently rather faint; white or oarnelion-
white, neatly painted with purple-olive linear streaks,
clouded with green and yellow, sharply waved, and
more or less reticulately two-banded, sometimes alto-
gether covered with yellow-brown or blaekisii, spiral
edge of the whorls brown-dotted, columella pale
carnelion, interior of the aperture bluish-white.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. IJlO.

llah. Mauritius.

This appears to be a very well defined >peeies, allied to
0. tremulinu, but uniformly of smaller size and narrower.
The spire, mostly exserted, is sometimes short, buried
uearly to the apex, as in Fig. n, by a callous depo.-iit of
enamel. The painting is distributed in a scattered in-
terrupted zigzag style, rarely or never blotched, though
mostly aggregated in bands about the middle and posterior
portion of the shell. In Fig. b and c the streaks are dark
olive, clouded, iris-like, with bhie-grcen aiul yellow upon
a warm carnelion ground, in Fig. u the shell is pure

white, and the painting simple blue-purple. In Fig. d the
pattern is entirely overlaid with a uniform yellow-brown
coat, which in some specimens is nearer black.

jpecies

(Fig. a, c, Mus. Steere ; Fig. 6,
Mus. Cuming.)
Omva TEXI'ILIXA. OVw. U'sld oMongo-cijUndruced, Uiti-
iisnihi, crrism, spird breoiitsciild, anfracta uUimo in
v((lhmlii(i' lid e.rtn'milatem podicam npi'rhiric prodnrto,
pliris culuiiielliiribiis forliuscuUs ; canimlu-ulbd, pilnr-
tis li/ifixi/iii- piniclorum nigris, angt'/,ifii-rrfir/</ij/is,
iiiterditiii subpromiscuis, cinereo-nebidalia, plui niinu.t
saturate bifasciatis, undique pictd, columelldd apertiine
fauce vinlde carneolis.
TuE fine-textile Olive. Shell oblong-cylindrical,
rather broad, thick, spire rather short, last whorl
produced into a callosity at the posterior end of the
apertm-e, eolumellar plaits rather strong ; carnelioii-
white, painted throughout with black dots and lines
of dots, angidarly reticulated, sometimes rather pro-
miscuous, ash-clouded, more or less darkly aggregated
into two bands, columella and interior of the aper-
ture bright carnelion.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' eilit.) vol. x. p. BOG.
Hub. Islands of Tieao and Mindanao, Philippines (sandy
mud in deep water) ; Cuming.
There is perhaps less variety in this species than in any
other of the genus, the pattern consisting always of an
angular ash-clouded net-work of dark dots, sometimes
very regular and close-set, but more frequently promis-
cuous and confused in its arrangement. The shell is
generally of large size, thick, and rather broad, the last
whorl rising upon the spire into a callosity.

August, LS50.

OUva TLTJI

y«-e-jiy. del el. '

L I Y A .

Species 10. (Fig. 41 a, b, r, dj,g, Mus. Stccre ;
rig. e, Mus. Cuming.)

Or.ivA Mauka. OViv. tesld ollongo-ovald, crnssd, postict-
tmniJiMxcnldJitxta sutaras coiitractd, spirdsiibdcjires-
■w, niifmcfii ultimo ad extremitatem postlcam apertiirce
in cnUusitafe eredd producto, plicin coJtmiellaribm
sidiplanidatis, lahro mdipUcnlo ; cincn'O-cameold vel
iiitensi' olirnccd, i-cl iiiff/'d, immaculatd aut fusco angn-
Info-strigald aul. fulgiiratd, strigis interruptis, brevi-
biis, interdicm saturate bi/anciatis, colicmdld alba, basi
patlide mtiguineo ti/ictd, aperturcp. fuuce cirridescente-
albd.

The Moor Olive. SIicll oblong-ovate, tliicli, ratlier
swollen posteriorly, contracted next the sutures, spire
ratlier depressed, last whorl produced at the poste-
rior end of the aperture into an erect callosity, eolu-
meUar plaits somewhat flattened, lip subplicate ; ash-
caruelion, or dark olive or black, sometimes unspot-
ted, sometimes mottled with brown angidar streaks,
or lightning-marked, the streaks being interrupted,
short, sometimes amalgamated darker with two bands,
columella white, faintly tinged at the base with blood-
red, interior of the apertwe bluish-white.

La.marck, Anim. sans vert. (Ueshayes' edit.) vol. x.
p. 608.

Varictatcs.

Olica/idiiiiiiaiis, sepulturalis, and fiuicbrnlis, Lamarck.

()lii-a tencontoma and Madeaija, Duclos.
Uul). Ceylon, Mauritius, Philippines.

This species is extremely variable iu its style of painting
except in one important point, the base of the columella,
which is, with rare exception, tinged with a blnsii of red.
In other respects it varies chiefly as represented in the
accompanying plate. Pig. e and / may be regarded as
Lamarck's type of the species, dark black or olive, uni-
form and unspotted, while the zigzag lightning-marked
pattern at Fig. i is his O.fidmiiians. The shell Pig. a,
with black s])lashed bands and waved streaks, upon a
mottled-olive ground, represents Lamarck's O.funebraUs
and Duclos' O. te/icostoma ; those at Fig. c and g with two
obscure bands upon a mottled-olive gi-ound, often lighter
than here represented, the 0. Madeaga of Duclos ; and
the rich dark-olive variety with scattered indications
of bands and waved streaks constitutes Lamarck's 0. se-
pidtiindis.

The Olii-a Miii/ni is mainly distinguished by its con-
stancy of form, having always the same tumid growth
toward.s the spire, which is rather depressed, and the
same produced callous production of the last whorl at the
posterior end of the aperture.

(j/^ir, n I /I.

,^'

\

So

% fif '

i'l-i'ilenr Reeve imj

OLIV A.

Species 11. (Fig. a, Mus. Stecre ; Fig. i, c,
Mus. Cuming.)

Oi.iVA FUSiFORMis. OUo. tcstd fusiformi-ovatd, rrassissi-
vid, poslice tumidcl, spird subampld, exsertd, pUcis cohi-
mellaribm posticis sidevaiiidis ,- alia, riifeKeu/e-ipn-
diceo undiqiie longitudinaUler fidgnratd, interdum hi-
fasciatdy columelld et aperlura fauce eburneis.

The rusiFORM Olive. Shell fiisiforraly ovate, very
thick, swollen posteriorly, spii-e rather large, exserteil,
posterior columellar plaits rather faint ; white, lon-
gitudinally zigzag-streaked with reddish-f;iwn, some-
times two-bauded, columella and interior of the
aperture ivory-white.

1j.^.marck, Anim. sans vert.(I)eshaycs' edit.jvol. x.p. OlS.

Uab. West Indies.

A very distinct species of .stmit solid growth, belonging
to the same type as 0. reticnliirin and JuUetn, in wliicli
the pattern is gathered along the spiral edge of the whorls
into points of a darker colour.

Species 13. (Fig. a, JIus. Steere ; Fig. i,
Mus. Cuming.)

Ouv.\ GIBB0S.\. Olio, testa fimifurmi-ovatd, obcm, m:s-
sissimd, valdii callosd, spird ucuminat.d, columelld valde
callosd, plicis fere occidtk ; cartdedautfavicante, ne-
bulosd ant strigald, fascid luted coiispiciid, iiiyricante-
fusco macidatd ad basin, spird et columelld luteo-alhidis,
apertura fauce crendescente-albd.

The gibbous Olive. Shell fusiformly-ovate, stout,
very thick, very callous, spire acuminated, columella
very callous, plaits almost buried ; blue or pale yel-
low, mottled or streaked, with a conspicuous black-

spotted yellow baud at the base, spire and columella
yellowish-white, interior of the aperture bluish-
white.

roluta ffiUosa, Born, Mus. Vind, p. 315.
Olira ciuf/ulata, Chemnitz.
I'oluta utriculus pars, Gmelin.
Oliva utriculus, C'hcmnitz.

An eadem var. ? Olira uebulosa, Lamarck.

JM. Africa.

This and the following species are both remarkable for
the callous deposit of enamel on the columella, which ex-
tends to and almost covers the spire.

Species 13. (Fig. a, i, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva Brasiliensis. OUv. testa subtrigono-ovatd, eras'
sissimd, solidd, spird plano-depressd, apice subacutd,
columelld valde callosd, plicis fere occuUis ; fulvo-spa-
diced, albo slrigatd, Uneis fuscescentlbus capillaribus
iiiterruptis sub lente trausversim notaid, zona lata sa-
luratiore ad basin.

The Brazilian Olive. Shell somewhat triangularly
ovate, rather thick, solid, spire flatly depressed, rather
sharp at the apex, columella very callous, the plaits
almost buried ; fulvons-fawn, streaked with white,
transversely marked, beneath the lens, with brown
interrupted hair lines, and with a broad darker zone
at the base.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. pi. 147. f 1367, 13G8.
Foluta piuffuis, Dillwyn.

Hab. BrazU.

A shell of very solid growth, remarkably characterized

by its depressed callous spire.

Ohv» FIJI,

\^\\

OLIVA

Species 14. (Fig. n, h, c, e, Mus. Cuming ;
Fig. d, ilus. Stecre.)
Oliv.v Peruviana. Olio, testa ovatd, crassd, r/iMom,
postm tumhid, interdiim mnwlntd, splrd breviiiscnld.

coIumelJd tin
piirasci'iiti'

pt}rat,i ^»pra t„

ltd :

,;it,'-llll:d.

pin-pii

•illUlfO

tongHud'inulUer fiiJ.jin-atd init strnintn-piuictiitd, iiiter-
dum immaciduld, inierdimi omiiinu purpiirco-aistaued,
cuttmelld alba, apertura; faiice piirpKnixc'iile timid.
TuF. Pektjvian Olive. Shell ovate, thick, gibbous,
swollen posteriorly, sometimes annulated, spire rather
short, columella plaited towards the base, smooth
above ; light pm'ple or purplish white, longitudinally
zigzag-marked or streak-dotted with pm-ple-chestnut,
sometimes unspotted, sometimes entirely purple-
chestnut, columella white, interior of the aperture
tinged with purple.
IjAMarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 017.

Eadem var. Olim Seiiegalensis, Lamarck.
Ilab. Coipumbo, C'opiapo, and Buy of Callao, Peru (in
sandy mud, at depths varying IVoni four to seven
fathoms) ; Cuming.
The specimens selected for the illustration of this
species are particularly characteristic of its varieties of
painting, in which only two colours are employed. At
l^ig. a the shell is purplish-white, unspotted, w hilst that
at Fig. c is of a imiform dark purple-chestnut. At Fig. b
the chestnut appears in bold distant zigzag stripes uiion a
light purple ground, which state of the species was nametl
0. Senegalensis by Lamarck, from some erroneous informa-
tion of its locality. Fig. d represents a variety with more
of the chestnut colouring, broken up as it were into dots
and short interrupted streaks ; whilst in the shell repre-
sented at Fig. e the chestnut appears in very promiscuous
and still smaller dots, overcharged with a general tinge of
the same oolom'.

The form of this species varies in being sometimes very
tumid, and produced into a ring towards the spire as in-
dicated at Fig. c.

Species 15. (Fig. a, Mus, Stecre; Fig. b,
Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva Jolieta. OVw. testa ovatd, crassiusculd, medio
tiniiidd, delude splram versus atieniiatd, columella mid-
tiplicatd, basi callo-w-gibbosu ; luteseente-albd, punciis
ijrniidibus nitjricante-fiiscis, ctemleo-nebulatls, iuter-
nipte ttiigidati' diipov/is, iindiqne vivide pictd, fiisco
ill iiincuti.^ aril mi nil I ix jii.clii suturas, apice pallide vio-
tai'cii, biiai iiiiii-iitil viiiliiml obscure tirictd, coliimelld el
apertur/f faiice tntescente-nlbis.

Juliet's Olive. Shell ovate, rather thick, swollen in
the middle, then attenuated towards the spire, colu-
mella many-plaited, callously gibbous at the base ;
yellowish-white, brightly paiuted throughout with
large blue-clouded blaek-browu dots, arranged in
confused or broken angles, the brown rising in acu-
minated blotches next the sutures, apex pale violet,
base obscurely marked witii a faint violet blotch,
columella and interior ol' the aperture yellowish-

l)l(L(

s, .Mo

..Oliv.pl.l

;. f. :3 and 1.

Hab.
d

;ral L
plh o

ejus, C.-utral
six fathoms

America (in sand
; Cuming.

■ mud,

at tl

This beautiful species bears the same relation to (). re-
ticiduris, through the variety named 0. vemdata by Duelos,
represented at Fig. 16 i in the next plate, as O.notntis
has with 0. tremulina. Regarded separately, the allied
forms in both instances appear specifically distinct from
each other, but it is impossible to deny that there is only
one prevailing idea of form and pattern in each. The
tyiiieal pattern of 0. reticularis is a net-work composed of
brown dots, gathered into lines or acuminated blotches at
the sutures. The dots become larger, more confused or
broken up, and more conspicuous, as in the variety O. ve-
mdata, Duelos ; and the character of this passes by an
easy transition into 0. Jidietu, distinguished by the same
hieroglyphieal marking at the base, and an indication of
the violet blotch which is very characteristic throughout
the series.

(i/n'.'i PL I

tr

L I Y A .

Species 16. (Pig. a, b,c,e,g,i, Miis. Cuming;
F\g. d,/,/i, Mus. Steere.)

Oliv.\ reticularis. Oliv. testa ovatd, vel oblotii/d, vd
dongato-cylindraceii, interdum poslice tmnidd, a/iice
exsertutsculd, plicis columdlaribtis numerosis, plurimis
siepi evanklis ; alhidd aut cinerascente, fiisco aid ni-
gricante-fusco profuse acute punclato-reticidatd, reti-
culd ad suturas lineatd aut acuminatd, columelld ad
bami plermique plus minus violaceo-fusco tiiictd, aper-
tures fauce albidd.

The reticulated Olive. Shell ovate, or oblong, or
elongately cylindrical, sometimes swollen posteriorly,
apex rather exsertetl, columellar plaits numerous,
many of them frequently obscured ; whitish or pale-
ash, painted with a brown or black dotted net-work,
which is gathered at the sutures into lines or acumi-
nated blotches, coliunella mostly stained more or less
with violet-brown, interior of the aperture whitish.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Desbayes' edit.) vol. x. p. C1.3.

Varietates.

Oliva araneosa, Lamarck.

()liva Timoria, venulata, obesimi, and //indnr/iKi. L)iiclos.

Hub. Gulf of California; Donnet. Island of (ji-anaila,
West Indies ; J. Cuming.
L'he .specimens represented in the accomiianying plate

ale selected with the view of illustrating the different

jjhases of this extremely variable species, that have been

distinguished by other specific names. Fig. a is Laniaick's
type 0. reticularis, narrow in its proi)ortions, and mostly
of smaller size, with the net-work more spaced, after the
manner of O.fiammulata, and the sutural lines of pattern
more prolonged. Fig. b represents Duclos' 0. venulata,
in which the net-work is broken up into large blotches,
and the basal violet-browii blotch rather prominent. Fig.t-
is the 0. obesina of the same author, stouter and more
gibbous in form, with the net-work somewhat similar but
more or less obscured by an overcharge of milky-white
enamel. Fig. d, the finest state of the species, of w hich a
dark chestnut-coated variety is represented below at Fig. g,
is Lamarck's 0. araneosa, and has the net-work small,
crowded, and confused. Fig. e, a remarkable form, in
which the posterior portion of the shell is very stout and
swollen, antl the pattern small, confused, and partially
banded, is Duclos' 0. Timoria, though certainly not an in-
habitant of Timor. Lastly, the oblong contracted variety,
Fig./, is the U. piudariim of the same author.

Besides the above-mentioned named vaiieties, are two
very characteristic states of the species. Fig. h, i, in PI. XI.
Ill the former the net-work is peculiarly waved, and in parts
is over-coated with streaks of bright chestnut ; in tlie
latter the shell is of a peculiar oblong-cylindrical form,
and the net-work is small, confused, and aggregated in
bands. This variety is not far removed from 0. sptendi-
diila.

August, isr.u.

(?Uva I'l.IL

^yiAffSK^

S owerby vUl -"t "tirK .

Tredmc Uetyeijuj.

L I V A .

Plate XI.

^ipccies 17. (Fig. «, h, Mus. C

()liv.\ SPLEXDIDIJL.\. 0!h\ lesfd i-ijlimb-aceo-ohlonf/u,
spird brniuscidd, apice elato, plicis columellaribus sub-
distantibits ; cinereo-albicanie, frmcik duahus, alterd
supra nifdiidii, altffd baml'i, niiiriilis /rii/iu/i.sfiiticis re-
ficii/n/is, ci)/,/ii/,ihi, fiiM-inri',,/ I, it, r>.liliis: fHscu-iih/m
■yiarsi/i/ piii/c/a/is id uuicidatix, njiicr baxhiiir piirparm-
v'wlacds, apeiinriFjauce lulfscentu-ulbd.

The splendid (3lite. Shell cyliudrically oblong, spire
rather short, apex raised, columellar plaits rather
distant ; ash-white, encircled with two bands, com-
posed of triangular reticidated brown spots, one above
the middle, the other basal, interstices between the
bands sprinkled with blacli-brown spots and blotches,
base and apex pnrple-violet, interior of the apertnre
yellowish-white.

SowEKBY, Tankerville Catalogue, App. p. o2.

Ilab. Island of Tobago, Bay of Panama (in sandy mud at
low water) ; Cuming.

This fine species belongs to the same type as the pre-
ceding, 0. reticulata. It is distinguished by a peculiarity
of marking, which is constant in all specimens, consisting
of two broad confused brown bands, of which the inter-
stices are sprinkled with curved linear dots and triangular
blotches. The spire is short and rounded, with the apex
raised, which, together with the base of the columella, is
tinged with purple-violet.

Species 18. (ilus. Cuming.)

Oliva literata. Ol'w. testa eloni/ald, spird exscrtd, pli-
cis coliimellaribm iiderdnm suboccultis ; palUdii spa-
diced, littesceiite partini tiiictd, relicidd fused sidiampld,
acute trigond, bifasciatim disposiid, hie iUic c/turacie-
ribiis castaneis inscriptd, ornald, colmnelld alba, aper-
turtpfauce vivid!: viohiccd.

The lettered Olive. Shell elongated, spire exserted.

eolumellar plaits sometimes rather concealed ; light
fawn-colour, partially tinged with yellow, ornamented
with a rather large brown net-work, sharply trian-
gular, disposed so as to show two bands, marked here
and there with chestnut characters, columella white,
interior of the a])erture deep violet.

Lamahck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 614.

Ilab. West Indies.

Belonging also to the type of 0. retici/lata, to which
species it more closely approximates than 0. spleudidula.
In form it is peculiarly elongated, the net-work is of rather
a large flame-pattern, showing two bands, whicli are
marked here and there with dark characters. The aper-
ture is characterized by a deep tinge of violet.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)

()li\ A CujiINGii. Oliv. testa ci/Undraceo-oblongd, postice
t/nuidd, rotimdatd, spird brevi, apice subexserto, acuta,
plicis columellaribus planulatis, suboccultis, columella
basi tuiuidd ; aurantio-croced, castaneo et niijricante-
fiiscn, iiiiMacululo, varie fasciald, colmnelld basi livido-
purpurascenfe pallide tinctd, a/pertur/g fauce c/rruks-
cente-ulbd.

Cuming's Olive. Shell cylindricaUy oblong, swollen pos-
teriorly, rounded, spire short, apex rather exserted,
sharp, columellar plaits flattened, almost concealed,
columella swollen at the base ; orange-saft'ron colour,
variously banded with unspotted chestnut and black-
ish-brown, base of the columella faintly tinged with
livid-purple, interior of the aperture bluish-white.

Hab. Gulf of CaUforuia ; Donnet.

This appears to be very distinct fi'om any species
yet described, and is remarkable for the absence of any
pattern of marking in the painting, which is of a warm
orange-saffron hue, simply cross-banded.

September, 1850.

Olira. B III.

„'

4:-

t

l-f-

S'V

%

■'^-f

OLI V A

Plate XII.

Spccips 20. (Fig. 0, h, c, Mus. Steciv.)
Ol.lVA ELEGANS. OHd. tentii cj/loidi'aceo-ovalu, Medio tti-
midiusculd, spird brevi, anfractu ultimo ad exiremita-
iem po-sfieam nperfurre in callodtate erecid produdo ;
viresmi/e niif hilrscnilr-alld, striijis olicuro-rindihiis,
nierideo el. cniivn-nij), iiehiiUiUs, ii,l,'rdi,„i fii\n<-iii,jrn
acid} pmmisri,;- miduld, rnh,,.,elhl li„si pallidr saii-
ijuineo tinctd, aperluric fauce carulescente-alhd.
The elegant Olive. Shell cylindrically ovate, rather
swollen in the middle, spire short, last whorl pro-
duced into an erect callosity at the posterior end
of the aperture ; greenish or yellowish-white, sharply
prouiisruously waved with olive-green or brown-black
streaks, clouded with blue and saffron-red, columella
Faintly tinged at the base with a blush of blood-red,
interior of the aperture bluish-white.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. lill .
Hah. Feejee Islands.

This species is chiefly distinguished from tiiose which
accompany it in the plate, by its shorter anil more tuuiid
growth, and the erect callous production of the last whorl
upou the spire, which is proportionably depressed. The
specimen represented at Fig. a is promiscuously waved
with dark green broken streaks, clouded with blue and
saffron-red ; that at Fig. h, c jn-esents tlie same colouring
overlaid with a profusion of rich black-ljrown zigzag
streaks.

Species 21. (Fig. a, h, ]\lus. Steerc.)
OlIVA TIiiUIXA. Olir. l,:-il<! ciirnidnnro-nriihi. medio tu-
midd. .^Hhiiijlatd, ..i„n! hrrn. uufrnrh' iillii.io ad e.v-
In-iiiihiln,, poaliraui upeiiiir.e eallo.w-pnidiido, plicis
co/umelluril/its plus mimm occiiUin ; cinerasceide-albd,
maculis parvis ceBrulescente-gri.'iei.i profmi mannorald,
iuierdiim uigi-o-fusm omtmm inditid, cohimelld ba.ii
pallide .wriguineo tiiictd, aperliinr J'aiiee cceridesceiile-
alhd.
The TiGEii-sPDTTED Olive. Shell cyliudrically-ovate,
swollen in the middle, rather inflated, spire short,
last whorl callously produced at the posterior end

of the aperture, eolumellar [ilaits more or less faint ;
ashy white, profusely mot I led with small blue-grey
spots, sometimes covered entirely with black-brown,
columella faintly tinged at the base with a bhish of
blood-red, interior of the ajierture bluish-white.

Lamarck, Anira. sans vert. (Desliaves' edit.) vol. x.
p.fi23.

Hah. iladagascar.

Distinguished mainly by its swollen growth, being

uniformly of larger size than the preceding species, and

by its livid grey aspect of colour, except when altogether

black -brown, as it not unfrequently is.

Species 33. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva tkicoloe. OUv. tesld ri/lindracfo-oblovgd. inter-
dniii .fidjangii.dd, spird breviuscidd, pecuUariter callosd,
pliei.'i coliniieUaribus basin versus fortiuscidis ; albidd
aid. viresce/de, caruleo et croceo-rufo profuse nelndatd,
viridi marmoratd et fasciatd, spird nigro oblique tes.iel-
latd.
TiiK TUI-COLOUKED Olive. Shell cylindrically oblong,
sometimes rather narrow, spire rather short, pecu-
liarly callous, columellar plaits rather strong towards
tlie base ; whitish or greenish, profusely clouded
with l)lue and saft'ron-red, marbled and banded with
green, spire obliquely tessellated with black, base of
the columella tinged with a blush of blood-red, in-
terior of the aperture white.
Lamakck, .'\nini. sans vert. (Dcsliayes' edit.) vol. x.
p. G15.
Varietas. O. PIdhudha, Duclos.
Ilab. Mauritius.

The colouring of this species consists of a profuse mot-
tling of clouded blue and safl'rou-yellow spots, with, in
most specimens, a large proportion of green, showing
two bands, one round the middle of the shell, and one
beneath the sutures; but the most characteristic feature of
the species consists in the spire being obliquely tessellated
with black, and a slight mixture of satt'ron-red.

Septcmbei

6'//rn FJ.m.

i

W

"•V ■^-

OLI V A

Species 33. (Mus. Steere.)

Oi.iVA MUsTELiNA. Olio. testd ci/lmdr(iceo-obloii(/ci , spirii
plaiio-depn'Ssa, npice amid, anfraclu nUimo podicc
subprudiido, pliris cuhtmdlui-iljun iiiiu/i:rosis ; l/i/es-
CPiili', Origin aiiff/isfis flcxiiosi'i /iKii/ero-sis promisctie
pic/d, colitiaelld alhicatite, apertura fauce violaced.

The weasel-like Olive. Shell cyHndrically obloug,
spii-e flatly depressed, sharp at the apex, last whorl
somewhat produced posteriorly, columellar plaits nu-
merous ; yellowish, promiscuously painted with nu-
merous flexuous narrow streaks, columella whitish,
interior of the aperture violet.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. GIG.

Halj. Singapore (in fine sand at a depth of about seven
fathoms) ; Cuming.

There is little variation in this species, which is well
characterized by its straight cylindrical form, depressed
spire, flexuous line painting, and violet interior.

Species 3-i. (Fig. a, h, c, Mus. Steere ; Fig. d.
Mus. Cuming.)
Oliva EPISCOPALIS. Oliv. ti'dd ■■</<Moii(//i/o-ofi/o/if/n\ rrnx-
msimd, spird exsertd, apicf amtd, jilicis r<iliiiiicll<ird)ii.H
fnrtibus ; alhd, piniciis mil liiiris hri-rihim 'luU-frniirix
raruleo et croceo-riijh nvhiilnin prnmixi-iir jnct^l, in-
tcrdum Uvido-oUvaceo satitruti' vark-ijutd, apcrtune
faiice intense violaced.
The episcopal Olive. Shell rather elongately obloug,
very thick, spire exserted, sharp at the apex, colu-
mellar plaits strong; white, promiscuously painted
with blue and satfron-red clouded dots and short
interrupted lines, sometimes darkly variegated with
livid-olive, interior of the apert\n-e very deep violet.
Lamauck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. j). Gil.

Varietas. 0. liigubris, Duclos.
Hub. North Au.stralia; Jukes.

A species of very solid growth, prominently distin-
guished by the very deep violet colouring of the interior.
The specimens Fig. c, d represent the typieal state of the
species. Fig. a, b represents a dwarf variety (0. lugitbris,
Duclos), in which there is an unusually copious stipply of
the dark livid-olive paintiug.

Species 25. (Fig.o, b. Mus. Steere.)
Oliva sanguinolexta. Olii-. U'uld ci)lhidraceu-(Mongd,

bad subabbreviatd, spird brevi, depressd, nnfractn ul-
timo ad exlremitutem posticam aperturtie calloso, plicis
columellarlbus subplanulaiis ; albidd, lineis olivaceis
undatis, nunc minutis )iunierosissimi.s coiifertl%, nunc
grandibus plus minus disianfibus, ornatd, columella
et callositate posited sangidneo-rufescentibus, apertura
faiice crerulescente-alhd.

The bloody Olive. Shell cylindrically oblong, some-
what shortened at the base, spire short, depressed,
last whorl callous at the posterior end of the aper-
ture, columellar plaits rather flattened ; whitish, orna-
mented with waved olive Hues, which are sometime.-^
minute, very numerous and close-set, sometimes large
and more or less distant, columella and posterior
callosity blood-red, interior of the aperture bluish-
white.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 015.

Eab. Island of Negros, Philippines (in sandy mud at hiw
water) ; Cuming.

Several species of the genus are characterized h\ a
tinge of red at the base of the columella, but in this tlie
whole of the columella is of a uniform blood-red, and this
colour not unfrequently appears in the callosity of the spire
and alouii' the outer lii).

Species 3G. (Fig. o, b, Mus. Cuming ; Fig. c,
Mus. Steere.)

Oliv.a BULBil'ORMls. OUn. testd abbreviato-ovatd, liimuld,
crassiusculd, spird brevi, parvd, plicis columcllaribuf:
plus vdmis callosis ; griseo-lutescente, olimno vnric
iiiariihitd et reticulnld, plerumque bifasciatd, columelld
biisi 'iiiterdum paUidissime sanguineo tinctd, aperturte
fauce carulescente-albd, interdum Uvido-violascente.

The bulb-shaped Olive. Shell abbreviately ovate,
swollen, rather thick, spire short, small, columellar
plaits more or less callous ; greyish-yellow, variously
spotted and reticulated with olive, generally two-
banded, columella sometimes very faintly tinged witii
red, interior of the aperture bluish-white, sometimes
livid violet.

Duclos, Mon. Oliv. pi. 27. f. in to i:i

An varietates? O. dacli/lwla and Caroliniatia, Duclos.

Ilab. Moluccas.

This species may be readily distinguished by its swollen
liiJbous ibrni, varying more or less in convexity.

Oln-d I'L Iiy

,^9

ZS.i.

K/

FrfikTU<l.fCve,mi]>

OLI V A.

Species 37. (Miis. Steere.)

(Iliva scripta. OI'w. {('da ryliiiiJi-acco-oblonrjfi, podici
latiiiy/idii, spin! iirinu'iiiatd uiilrui ilejircfim, pUcis co-
liti.ii'lliu-ihiis j),in-is, ,iiuii,-rn>:,s ,- hitr.s.riile, fii.scescei/fe
luiiliijiii- palli,r^ i-clicuJiild, chanictcribiia fiiscis (iciiti
tmdatin bifusciatim aparsim iKjtntd, columeUd H aper-
tunefauce ccerulcsceide-ulbis.

The inscribed Olive. Shell cylindrically oblong,
rather broad posteriorly, spire acuminate but de-
pressed, eolumellar plaits small, numerous ; yellowish,
faintly reticulated throughout with pale brown, spar-
ingly marked with brown waved characters in two
bands, eolumella and interior of the aperture bluish-
white.

Lamauck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. til. 5.

Hab. . ?

Very closely resembling O. lilerala in its style of
))ainting, but umforuily of smaller size, and less elongately
acuminated. The shell is broader beneath the sutures,
the spire being a little depressed, aud has more the form
of O. iiiMUdina.

Species 2S. (Fig. a, JIus. Steere ; Fig. b, Mus. Pickering.)

(Jliva harpularia. Oliv. Icdd, oblonyo-matd, poslici
tianidi/mculd, spird fixaerfd, pi ids colnmeUaribus firi
occuUis ; alba, liiieis fiiscis plicrimisjlcxiionis lomjitit-
diiiaUter pictd, coUimdUi d apviiura fuiwe ulbis.

The HAEi'-sTRixG Olive. Shell oblong-ovate, posteriorly
rather swollen, spire exserted, eolumellar plaits almost
concealed ; white, painted longitudinally with nume-
rous brown flexuous lines, columclhi and interior of
the aperture white.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' etjit.) vol.x. p. 6:20.

Hab. ■ ■?

1-^ species

1 have felt some hesitation in pulili
because the shells, of ulncli nnly tlinv are kumin m lliis
country (the third in the ilnti-h Mnseimi), li;uv ^v^■^ uiucli
the appearance of being uucoatcd and polished. It was,
however, described by Lamarck, and figured some years
before by Chemnitz in a plate of miscellaneous nn-named
Olives which he termed remarkable varieties, " variidalfs
notabiles OliffP." It belongs to the 0. rdiculata type,
and is characterized by numerous long flexuous markings

which may or may not be the outer natural coating of the
sjiecies.

Species 39. (Fig.o, Mus. Steere; Fig. i, c, Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva polpasta. Oliv. tesid ovatd, crassd, ponderosd,
posUcii obesd, tuniidd, spird breviusculd, apice obiusd,
plicis columellaribm nmnerom, hreubtis, antids inter-
dmn subplanatis ,• ciuereu-olivaced, mactdis Jderogly-
p/dcis puuciis/jue niffris oblique nolatd, maculis lutes-
cL'utibus ad suturas reiiculatis, columdld d apertunp
faiicc candHScente-alhis.

The tumid Olive. Shell ovate, thick, ponderous, stout
and swollen posteriorly, spii-e rather short, obtuse at
the apex, eolumellar plaits numerous, short, anterior
plaits sometimes rather flattened; ash-olive, ob-
liipiely marked with hieroglyphic spots and dots,
with yellowish reticulated spots next the sutures,
columella and interior of the aperture bluish-white.

DucLos, Mon. Oliv. pi. 16. f. 1.

Uub. Bay of Montija, Veragua, Central jVmerica (in
sandy mud at a depth of about thu'teen fathoms) ;
Cuming.

It is not ilifBcult to connect this Olive, as well as 0.
Jididu, with 0. rdiculata, in both of which forms the net-
work of the typical species is broken uji into a confusion
of dots and dashes.

Species 30. (Fig.a, Mus.Cuming; Fig.i,c,f/, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva cruenta. Oliv. testd oblovgo-cyliudraced, spird
phrutiique acuminata, hderdmti supra medium annu-
lutd, apice acuta, plicis cvlumellaribus iiumerosis, sub-
irrcffuhnbiis, diipHmtis : fu.ici'sccde-laded out rubes-
cenle, (jidlin oksriiiy dularm-purpiirds luidique iiotatd,
gnttis ad xntunin d ad basin intense ciulaceo-pur/jureis,
iidrrdam purpuraseente-carneo marmoratd aut rdicu-
lata, aperturcB fauce scBpissime aurantid.

The spotted Olive. Shell oblong-cylindrieal, spire
generally acuminated, sometimes annulated above the
middle, sharp at the apex, eolumellar plaits nume-
rous, somewhat irregular, duplicate, pale brownish
cream-colour or ruddy, marked throughout with ob-
sem-e violet-purple spots, which are deep violet-purple

September, 1850.

OLIVA.— Plate XIV.

round the base and at the sutures, sometimes mottled

or retieulated with purple-flesh colom-.
Valuta cruenta, Dillwyn, Catalogue of Shells, vol. i. p. 514.

Oliva guttata and leucophcEa, Lamarck.

OUva maculata and mantichora, Duclos.

Eadem var. Valuta, annulata, Guielui.
Hah. Zanzibar, East Africa; Thoru. Australia; Jukes.

Island of Siquijor, Philippines (on sand-banks at low

water) ; Cuming. Society Islands (in coral sand at

low water) ; Cuming.
This is a species of a very distinct character, and stands
nlone in the genus. The typical variety, Fig. 30 a, is of
a brownish cream-colour, covered with violet-purple spots,
wliich are obscured by an overcoating of cream-colour,
except round the base and along the edge of the whorls
next the sutures. Fig. 30 h, c, represent a state of the

species (0. mantichora, Duclos) in which the shell is mot-
tled with a delicate flesh-purple net-work, and the spots
are smaller, patched with white and scattered more in-e-
gularly. In the variety at Rg. 30 d (0. leucopJuea, La-
marck) the spots have the character of scattered triangular
blotches, and the ground is frequently of a ruddy tinge.
Sometimes the shell is characterized by a more or less
obsolete ring, which variety Gmelin named V. annulata.

The 0. cruenta has a remarkably wide range. At the
Society Islands it occurs in the fine state represented at
Fig. a. At Zanzibar the shell is nearly colourless, the
spots being only faintly indicated and fewer in number.
The specimens from the Philippines are of a warm hue,
but nearly colourless ; while those from Australia are
small and characterized by the confused style of painting
represented at Fig. i, c.

(?l!ya. n.XY.

e^^:.

X

OLI VA

Species -il. (Fig. a, b, c, d, e,f, Mus. Steerc ;
Fig. g, Mus. Cuming.)

Oi.iVA INFLATA. Oliv. testa, ovatd, injtatd, medio (/Mom,
crassissma, qnrd depresso-pland, apke elalo, acuta,
anfractu ultimo ad exlremitatem posticum aperturcB
calloso-producto, columella tuberculis duobus callosis
annatd, plicis suboccuUis ; ciuerasceute-albd, griseo
punctata, nigro-fusco fulguratd, aut maculatd, aut
fasciatd, interdum caruleo-olivaceo et aurantio nebu-
htd, vel omniw) nigro-fimcd, vel ebtirned, tuberculis
interdum- livido-fusco tinctis.

The inflated Olive. Shell ovate, inflated, gibbous
in the middle, very thick, spire depressly flattened,
apex raised, sharp, last whorl callously produced at
the posterior end of the aperture, columella armed
with two callous tubercles, plaits rather faint ; ash-
white, dotted with grey, lightning -marked or
blotched or banded with black-brown, sometimes
clouded with blue-olive and orange, or altogether

black-brown or ivory-white, tubercles sometime*

tinged with livid-brown.
Lamarck, Anira. sans vert. (Deshayci' edit.) vol. \. p. (J19.

Varietates. OUm nndata ami biciiictu, Lamarck.
Hab. Zanzibar ; Thorn.

The form of this species is very characteristic, being
invariably distinguished by its swollen gibbons growth
and by the presence of two plicate tubercles upon the
columella. The painting is extremely variable, and its va-
rieties have been selected to characterize dift'erent species.
Fig. a, mottled with grey dots and encircled by two
broad splashed brown bands, represents Lamarck's 0. bi-
cincta, w-hilst the specimens Fig. d, f, g, dotted and light-
ning-marked with black-browii upon a greyish-white
ground, belong to his 0. uudata. The varieties Fig. b, c
are very richly banded, clouded, and zigzag-marked with
hvid-blue, olive, and orange. Fig. e represents a broad-
streaked and zigzag brown-black painted variety. Some-
times the species is entirely black, sometimes entirely white.

September, 185U.

oi7ia.n.iyi-

Itedetic H-'e't unj

LI V A.

Plate XVI.

Species 32. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cimiing.)
Oliva nebulosa. Oliv. testa cylkdraeeo-oblongd, tmui-
diusculd, interdum subangudd et acumiimtd, cohimelld
basin versus concavo-depressd, plicis columellaribiis nu-
merosis, coi/fertis ; cceruleseente-albd, griseo-caruleo ne-
bulatd ant strigatd, zondfulvd, ftisco flciiitmidatd, ad
basin, columelld candescente-alhd, mactitd purjnired
basin versus notatd.
The clouded Olive. Shell cylindrically obloug, rather
swollen, sometimes rather narrow and aciimiuated,
columella concavely depressed towards the base, colu-
mellar plates numerous, close-set; bluish-white, cloud-
ed aud streaked ivith grey-blue, with a fulvous band,
. flamed with brown, at the base, columella bliush-
white, marked with a purple spot towards the base.
Lamarck, Auim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol.x. p. 028.

Hob. ?

M. Duclos regards this species as the younp; of O.yib-
bosa, and I have myself quoteil it with douljt as a variety ;
it appears, however, to be distinct, especially as regards
the narrow form represented at Fig. 32 b. Both varieties
arc distinguished by a characteristic pm-ple spot towards
the base of the columella.

Species 33. (Fig. o, c, Mus. Steere ; Fig.i, e, Mus.Cumiiig.)
Oliva acdminata. Olio, tesfd doHijnld, miiiiisid, .ydrd

exsertd, acuminata, plicis coliniii'll,n-ihti\
caUoso-coniortis ; piirpurasceiitf-spadici

<indi>

pur-

vis perpaucis pallidis aspersd, ad siitiirus relicido no-
tatd, :ond lata spadiced, interdum iuterruptd, ad basin
cingulatd, columelld et apertures funce cterulescente-
albis.
The AcniiiNATED Olive. Shell elongated, narrow, spire
exserted, acuminated, columellar plaits numerous,
callously twisted at the base ; purplish-fawn, sprin-
kled with a few small pale spots, marked with a net-
work pattern at the sutm-es, and encircled at the
base with a broad fawn zone, which is sometimes

iiiteiTupted with hght splashes, columella and inte-
rior of the aperture bluish-white.
Lam.\rck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol.x. p. 1)25.

Eadem var. Oliva luteola, Lamarck.
Hub. Senegal, north-west coast of Africa.

In the young state of this species the delicate net-work
beneath tiie sutures is elaborately constnicted, and the
middle portion of the shell is frequently marked with in-
terrupted zigzag streaks. After the first few whorls this
design of pattern becomes obscured.

Species 100. (Fig. 33rf, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva subulata. Oliv. testd elongatd, angustd, teuui-
culd, subventricosd, spird exsertd, acuminatd, plicis
rohimellaribus ad basin call oso-con fort is ; fulvo-spadi-
red (Nil yriseo-carulescenie, i/innilis pnrrix albidk vm-
bratis notatd, strigis brevibus niijriciiililiiix oliUqtie con-
ceutricis infra suturas, zond lutii sjiiiiturd ad basin,
cingulatd, columelld et aperlur(t J'auce cirrnlesccnte-
albis.

The subulate Olive. Shell elongaicd, narrow, rather
thin, slightly ventricose, spire exserted, acuminated,
columellar plaits callously twisted at the base ; ful-
vous-fawn or grey-blue, marked with small whitish
. shaded spots, with short obliquely concentric blackish
streaks beneath the sutures, encircled with a broad
(mva band at the base, columella and interior of the
aperture bliush-wliite.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. CiC^.

Hab. Bencoolen, west coast of Sumatra (in saiiily mud
at low water) ; Cuming.

The irregular numbering of this species arises ft-om the
circumstance of my having completed the arrangement
of the genus before discovering that Lamarck's 0. subu-
lata is truly distinct from his 0. acuminata. It is a
more ventricose, thinner shell, marked next the sutures
with short obliquely concentric streaks in place of net-
work, and inhabits a widely difl'erent locality.

Septendii

OLiva.. n JYU.

^V

'i>/

L 1 V A

Species 34. (Fig. a, e, h, Miis. Cuming.
Fig. b, c, il, g, i, k, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva ispidula. OUv. testa ohlongd velelongalo-oUongii,
cytindrnced, crassiusadu, spint Irevi, versus ap/cevi
exsertd, colitmdld siMcpressd, crdlom, pl'wis plus
minus ohsciirh ; alM, vet tiilncciili', rd an run I id, ret
einered, punr.lis ant wacntix liinvrilnix /rini\rir.sis fnscis
notatd, iiiterdiim ni/jro-fnscn fusriiihl an I rarii' mtt-
cxdatd, colmiidtd dmriicd, apertirrw J'uncv i-liocotntii-
fuscd.

The v.^bicoloured Olive. Shell oblong or elongately
oblong, eylindrical, rather tHck, spire short, exscrted
towards the apex, columella rather depressed, callous,
with the ])laits more or less obscure ; w-liite or
yello^Tish, or orange, or ash, marked with brown dots
and transverse linear spots, sometimes banded or
variously blotched with black-bromi, columella ivory-
white, interior of the aperture chocolate-ln-own.

Foluta ispidula, Linnanis, Syst. Nat. 12tli edit. p. IISS.
Oliva ispiduta, Lamarck.
Varietates, 0. Candida, and oriota, Lamarck.
Oliva Jlaveota, stellata and tif/ridelta, Duelos.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

It is almost labour in vain to describe the cxternnl

colouring of this species, which is the ^lo^t varial)lc of tin-

genus, and does not appear to follow any particular
design. The colouring of the interior of the shell is ex-
tremely characteristic, being with rare excc.-ption of a uni-
form chocolntc-bnmii. Fi--. ,i (Olin, li.jridrlln. Durlos)
is splashed villi triangular lilotrhes ,,f blaek-bvnwn u|,on
a warm ereara-eolom-ed ground. I'ig. /», a very uncommon
variety, is encircled with livid bhie and reddish pencil-
bands. Fig. c is very lightly mottled througliout with
black-brown. l''ig. d (Oliva stellata, Duelos) is ivory-white,
sparingly marked with sharp hierogly])hic dashes of violet-
shaded black-brown. Fig. e {Oliva Jlaveoh, Duelos) is of
a warm imiform orange tint. Fig. /is of a mingled ash
and yellow ground covered with black-brown dashes, and
encircled with a broad band of the same colour beneath
the sutures. Fig. g is of a livid ash-colour speckled here
and there with dark dots. Fig. h {Oliva tigrideUa,
Duelos) is almost entirely black-browu. Fig. / is of an
opake livid grey, with a few scattered dots of darker
colour ; and Fig. k is of a warm yellowish hue, closely
dotted and mottled throughout with olive and dark olive-
blaek. The pure white state of the species has been
named 0. Candida by Lamarck, whose 0. oriola appears
to be another variety wanting the rich chocolate-brown
interior. The shell tigured for 0. oriola by Duelos is pro-
bal)lv a variety of (>. rdicnlatn.

.Scptcmbir, 1^

ohia Fi.jrm.

,.^%.

m

O L I V A

Species 35. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Steere.)

()li\.\ ui-VTiLA. Oliv. testa suhfusiformi-ovatd, veiitri-
costi, npirii mtliacHiniiiatd, columella elevatd, pUcis dis-
t'lKclh, pecidianler calloso-conlotiis, apniiird ikiIiiIi!,
siipenie emargbiald ; spadiceo-i/risni. p/ii/r//s .■<//-ii//si//ii-
nn-iileo-fiiscis npicem remis sidinhciin' imtnlii, :niiii
laid fidrd ad basin cinyulatd, cuhiuirUd lindn-pnrjiii-
rasrriilc, apciiurai fance Imdo-fitscd.

TuE GAPING Olive. Shell somewhat I'usilbrmly ovate, veu-
tricose, spire somewhat acuminated, columella raised,
plaits distinct, peculiarly callously twisted, apertiu'e
wide Ojjen, emarginated at the upper part ; fawu-
grcy, somewhat obscurely marked towards the apex
with blue-brown dots and streaks, and encircleil
round the base with a broad fulvous zone, coknnella
livid-purple, interior of the aperture livid-brown.

Volida Idutida, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 34 13.
OUva Jiiatula, var. b, Lamarck.
V Aijarou, Adanson.
Aiicilln maciihda, Schumacher.
lliidida Lamurckii, Swainson.

Hub. Senegal and Mouth of tlic (lambia, West .\frica.

This and the following species were conlbuntlcd together
by M. Duclos, but they are quite distinct and inhabit very
remote localilies. The true O. h'tahdu (pi. 3. fig. 1.5,
of his monograph) chietly characterized ijy tlie raised con-
stricted growth of the columella aiul by its livid-purple
colouring, is from the west coast of Africa, collected by
Adanson at Senegal, and by later travellers at the mouth
of the Gambia. O. testacea (pi. 4. fig. I'J, 30, of Duclos'
monograph), concerning which Lamarck especially notices
the dark brown colouring of the spire and base of the last
whorl, was collected by Humboldt and Boupland on the
shores of Mexico, and more recently by Mr. Cuming in
the same locality at "Real Llejos.

Species 3(5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliv.\ test.vcea. Ollv. tesldfusifonid-oeatd, ve/drlcosd,
spird acuminatd, pUcis colitmellaribits calloso-coidortis,
apertnrd palidd, superne emarginatd ; ciiiereo-grised,
Uiieis Jlexuosis f/iscis ceerideo-umbratis plus minus ob-
scure picld, apicem versus et ad basin fumeo-fused,
columella albd, apertiira fauce viola ceo-Jmcd.

The testaceous Olive. Shell fusiformlv ovate, vcutri-

cose, spire acuminate, columcUar plaits callously
twisted, aperture wide open, emarginated at tiie
upper part ; ash-grey, more or less obscm'cly painted
with blue-shaded brown flexuous lines, smoky-brown
at the base and towards the apex, columella white,
interior of the aperture violet-brown.
Lajiarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes" edit.) vol. \. p. (i27.

Oliva hialula, pars, Duclos.
Ilab. Real Llejos, Mexico (in sandy mud at a dejitli cif
about six fathoms) ; Cuming.
Of a more acumiuated form than the preceding species,
from which it is further distinguished by its smoky or
purple-brown colom-iug, and white columella. It may 1k^
observed that the localities of the two species are verv rc-
uiole from each other.

Species 37. (Mus. Steere.)
(Jliva Steei!I.e. Oliv. lesld oblomjo-ovatd, vcidrieosd, spird
brevi, aculd, columelld medio depressd, superne callosd,
plicis cttlloso-coidorfis ; i/riseo-fuxcd, obscure luaeulald,
spird cl :n„d bas.di fuuieo-fusris, nderdun, e,ernl,-s-
r,;dr-l„rl,v, i ,., uiarelul ,! . adr.urlhl vhunird, apertur<e
faucri.lr„srpnrpered.
Steeue's Olive. Shell obloug-ovate, ventricose, spire
short, sharp, columella depressed in the middle, cal-
lous at the upper part, plaits callously twisted ; grey-
ish-brown, obscurely spotted, spire and basal zone
smoky-brown, sometimes bluish cream-coloiu', mi-
spotted, columella ivory-white, interior of the aper-
ture deep purple.
OUva hitttula, pars, Duclos.
Hub. ]\[outh of the Gambia, West Africa.

The 0. Steeria is chiefly distinguished from 0. kialula
of the same locality, by its depressed white columella,
whilst the general colouring of the shell is more like that
of the Mexican 0. testacea. It difl'ers, liowever, from tile
last-named species both in the depression of the columella,
which gives it a boat-shaped form, and in having a shorter
spire. The coloured state of O. Steerlce is well represented
by Duclos, under 0. Jdatula, Mon. Oliv. pi. 3. f. 14. The
specimen figured in the accompanying plate, represents a
v,iii( t\ in wliich tiie entire surface of the shell is overiaid
witii a luilk-uhitc coating, and the interior richly purple-

Septcuiber, 1850.

OLIVA.— Plate XVIII.

I have the pleasure to name this fine species in honoui-
of Miss Steere, a lady whose magnificent collection of
OUves, and nice discrimination of their varieties of cha-
racter, have been of essential service to me in (lie pre-
paration of this monograph.

Species 38. (Mus. Steere.)

Oliva AUUATlLls. Oliv. testcl ovatd, vciUricosd, siMiis
concavd, spird irevi, callosd, columella medio depressd,
mperne callosd, pUcis parvis, uitmerosis, dmim baaali-
biis fortioribns, aperttird paluld ; griseo-carulesceiiie,
strigis Jiexiiosis saturatioribus tmdiqne pictd, zonis
duabim, altera fuM, alterd livido-purpured, cingulutd,
cohmielld alba, apertiirm fauce licido-purpurascente.

The rippled Olive. Shell ovate, ventricose, concave
beneath, spire short, callons, columella depressed in
the middle, callous at the upper part, plaits small,
numerous, two basal plaits stronger, aperture witle
open ; greyish-blue, painted throughout with fle.xuous
streaks of a darker grey-blue, encircled at the base
with two zones, one of which is fidvous, the other
livid-purple, columella white, interior of the ajjerture
tinged with livid-purple.
OJ'u-a am-iciilfifia, Duclos (not of Lamarck).

J[ab. Brazil.

The form 0. aqnatiUs is just intermeduite between that

of the foregoing species and of the following ; and it is
further characterized by the rippled painting aud divided
colouring of the broad basal enamel zone.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva aueicularia. OUv. testa depresso-ovatd, laid,
veiiiricosd, sublus concavd, spird brevissimd, callositale
occultd, colmiielld medio depressd, superne valdi cal-
losd, verrucosd, plicis parvis, fere occtdtis, duabus bu-
salibns validis, aperturd patuld ; carulescente-grisen,
zona basali lata, livido-fuscescente, columella alba,
apertura fame Uvido-fiiscescente.

The eak-shaped Olive. Shell depressly ovate, broad,
ventricose, concave beneath, spire very short, con-
cealed by callosity, columella depressed in the
middle, very callous at the upper part, warty, plaits
small, almost concealed, two basal plaits strong,
aperture wide open ; bluish-grey, broad basal zone
bvid-brown, columella white, interior of the aperture
pale livid-brown.

Lamaeck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 625.
Oliva palida, Sowerby.
Uliva clutieopliila, Duclos.

IlaL. BrazU.

This sheU is remarkably distingi
bous growth, and enormous callou
part of the columella.

shed by its broad gib-
deposit on the upper

1^

oiiva. n. in

,fh\y^

<^.

^

I"?

m

OLIVA

Species 40. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Steere.)
Oliva Stainfohthii. OUv. ieda ovatd, crassd, mpm
medium pecuUarUer tumidd, spird brevi, acwiiiiiatd,
plim coluniellaribua fortibas, latiusculis ; alba, punctk
rufescentibus, griseo-mnbrath, evanidi append, maculis
perpauck nigricantibus sparsim bifasciatim notatd,
juxta mituras immaculaid, columelld et aperturce fauce
eburneis.
Stainforth's Olive. Shell ovate, thick, peculiarly
swollen above the middle, spire short, acuminated,
columellar plaits strong, rather broad ; white, faintly
sprinkled with grey-shaded reddish dots, and marked
with a very few blackish blotches disposed in two
bands, unspotted next the sutui-es, columella and iu-
terior of the aperture ivory-white.
Hub. ■?

A new and very distinct species, in the collection of
.Miss Steere, which gives me an opportunity of recording
my sense of the valuable additions which have been made
to our knowledge of this genus by the communicated ex-
perience of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth.

Species 41. (Mus. Steere.)
Oliva fla.mmulata. OUv. testa cyliiidraceo-ovatd, spird
subacumiaatd, pUcis columellaribus subevauidis ; al-
bidd, canieo-fusco reticulatd, areis reticulatis hie illic
perampUs, columella basi fuscescente tiiidd, apertura
fauce alba.
The FLAiiE-JiARKED Olive. Shell cylindricaUy ovate,
sjiire somewhat acuminated, columellar plaits rather
faint ; whitish, reticulated with ttesh-browu, the re-
ticulated spaces being here and there very large,
columella tinged with light brown, interior of the
apertm'e white.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshaycs' edit.) vol. x. p. ('>13.
Ilab. West Indies.

This species is very closely allied to (). reticulata, but
diflers in not having the net -work gathered in clusters of
lines at the sutures. The net-work spaces are here and
there remarkably large, especially on the npper surface of
the last whorl, which, in the accompanying figure, has
been inadvertently tm-ned from the observer.

42. (Fig. a, Mus. Steere ; Fig. b,
Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva australis. OUv. testa ohlongo-cylindraced, spird
exsertd, columelld medio suhcompressd, plicis numerosii,
eetate cito evaiddis ; alhidd, lineis undulatis cinereo-
purpureis, scepe promiscuis, omatd, anfractuttm mar-
gine suturali punctato, columelld et aperturm fauce
eburneis.

The southern Olive. Shell oblong-cj-liudrical, spire
exserted, columella shghtly compressed in the middle,
plaits numerous, soon failing with age ; whitish, or-
namented \vith waved pui-ple-ash lines, which are
often promiscuous, sutm'al edge of the whorls dotted,
columella and interior of the aperture ivory-white.

IHcLOs, Mon. Oliv. pi. 8. f. 3, 4.

Uah. ?

The waved marking of this species appears to lie in-
varialily of an ash-purple colour. It is of an oblong-cyhn-
drical form, and very distinctly characterized.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva Indusica. OUv. testd ovatd, temdculd, medio gib-
boso-injlatd, spird brevi, columelld medio depresso-cou-
cavd, plicis planulatis, aperturd snbpatuld ; albd,
puHctis fuscescentibus, promiscue undulatis, aspersd,
margine suturali strigis fuscis irregularibus oriiato,
basi zona fuscescente cingulatd, columelld albd, aper-
tures fauce ferrugined.

The Indus Olive. Shell ovate, rather thin, gibbously
inflated in the middle, spire short, columella de-
pressly concave in the middle, plaits somewhat flat-
tened, aperture rather wide open; white, sprinkled
with light brown dots, promiscuously waved, sutural
margin ornamented with irregular brow-n streaks,
base encircled with a light brown zone, columella
white, interior of the aperture rust-brown.

ILib. Kurrachee, mouth of the Indus.

.Vn interesting new species, allied to 0. hiatula and

testacea. The surface of the shell is freckled throughout

mth faint brown dots disposed in promiscuous waves,

and the sutural edge of the whorls is conspicuously

streaked.

OLIVA.— Plate XIX.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva Duclosi. Oliv. testa subconico-ovata, crassa, su-
pence tumidd, spird exsertd, plicis columellariius sub-
amplis; aurantio-luted, olivaceo-fusco dense reticulata,
areis reticulae subdistantibns, acute trigonis, colmnelld
et apertures fauce aurantio-luteis.

Ddclos' Olive. Shell somewliat conically ovate, thick,
swollen round the upper part, spire esserted, colu-
mellar plaits rather large; orange-yellow, thickly
reticulated with olive-brown, the spaces of the net-
work being rather distant and sharply triangular,
columella and interior of the aperture orange-yellow.

Oliva jaspidea,I)uchs, Men. Oliv. pi. 8. f. 9, 10.

Hab. Banguey, Island of Luzon, Philippines (on the
sands at low water) ; and Society Islands (in coral
sand at low water) ; Cuming.
The net-work colouring of this species is so thickly de-
veloped as only to leave scattered sharply triangular spaces.

Sometimes, however, it is much confused.

Having to apply the term jaspidea to Lamarck's O.co-

midalis, in consequence of it being so named by Gmelin

under the head of Voluta, I have the pleasure to dedicate
this species to M. Duclos, in acknowledgment of the
value of his Oliva figures, of which it is much to be re-
gretted he never published any descriptions.

Species 45. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Steere.)
Oliva lentiginosa. Oliv. testa oblongd, subcylindraced,
crassd, spird exsertd, plicis cohimellaribus subampUs,
brevibus ; lutescente-albd, purpureo-cinereo lentiginosa,
maculis promiscuis nigricantHns infra suturas et in
medio dngulatd, columella et apertura fance lutes-
cente-alhi-s.
The freckled Olive. Shell oblong, somewhat cylin-
dric;J, thick, spire exserted, columeUar plaits rather
large, short ; yellowish-white, freckled with light
]nirple-ash, encircled beneath the sutures and round
the middle with promiscuous blackish spots, colu-
mella and interior of the aperture yellowish-white.

Hab. ?

An interesting new species, of which Miss Steere pos-
sesses the two characteristic specimens here figured.

m

m

Ohm. PL II.

rrsdeTU- B-eeve imp-

OLIVA.

Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva Gii.\ciLis. Oliv. testa gracili-fimformi, bast triin-
catii, Terebdliformi, ipira elomjalo-exsertd, atifractu
ultimo brevi, aperturam versus descendeiite, columelld
arcuata, superne callosd, pUcis subcotitortis ; alba,
rufescente-fusco sparsim et in-effulariter reticulata,
zona spadiceo-fuscd ad basin ciiigulatd, spird callosd,
parum pictd, columelld et apertura fauce albis.

The slender Olive. Sliell slenderly fusiform, trun-
cated at the base, Terebellum-shaped, spire elongatcly
exserted, last wborl short, descending towards the
apertiu'c, cohmieUa ciured, callous at the upper part,
plaits somewhat tmsted ; white, sparingly and irre-
gularly reticulated with red-brown, encircled with a
fawn-brown zone round the base, spire callous, but
little painted, columella and interior of the aperture
white.

Broderip and Sowerby, Zool. Journal, vol. iv. p. 379.

Hab. Xipixapi, West Columbia (in sandy mud at a depth
of about nine fathoms) ; Cumiug.

Remarkable for the descending convolution of the last
whorl, which gives a prolonged appearance to the spire,
whilst the shell, being light and broadly tmncated at the
base, partakes of the form of Terebellmn. The net-work
colouring is extremely partial in its distribution.

Species 47. (Fig. «, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Oliva cixcta. Oliv. testa ovatd, tenuicidd, injlatd, basin
versus effum, spird brevi, columelld medio depressd,
plicis calloso-coiitortis, aperttird subpatuld; olivaceo-
cimred, fusco undique obscure minute punctatd, strigis
brevibus perpaueis infra suturas, fascid angustd satura-
iiore in medio cingulatd, columelld albidd, fusco zonatd,
apertura fauce fused.
The girdled Olive. Shell ovate, rather thin, inflated,
effused towards the base, spire short, columella de-
pressed in the middle, plaits callously distorted, mouth
rather wide open ; olive-ash, obscurely minutely dot-
ted throughout with brown, with a few short brown
streaks beneath the sutures, and encircled with a nar-
row darker band round the middle, columella whitish,
zoned with brown, interior of the aperture brown.

There is a strong apparent resemblance between this
species and 0. Indusica, but they differ materially on com-
parison.

Species 48. (Mus. Coming.)

Oliva biplicata. Oliv. testd ahbreviato-ovatd, crassd,
obesd, longitudinaliter substriatd, spird brevi, columelld
arciiatd, lavi, superne callosd, ad basin bipUcatd,
apertnrdbasi effusd ; ccerulescente-grised, suturisfuscis,
columelld basique intense violaceis, apertura ctervles-
cente-grised, margine violaced.

The two-plaited Olive. Shell abbreviately ovate,
thick, stout, slightly striated longitudinally, .spire
short, columella arched, smooth, callous at the upper
part, two-plaited at the base, aperture effused at the
base ; bluish-grey, sutures brown, columella and base
deep violet, aperture blue-grey, violet at the edge.

Sowerby, Tankerville, Cat. App. p. 33.

Uab. Monterey, CaUfornia (in the sands at low water) ;
Hinds.

Well distinguished by its short obese growth, and two
basal columellar plaits.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva kaleontina. Oliv. testd oblongo-cijlindraced,
spird exsertd, plicis columellaribus parviusculis ; pnr-
purascente-spadiced, rufo-castaneo interrupte macidatd
et variegatd, maculis oblongo-quadratis infra suturas,
columelld et apertura fauce furpnrascente-aWm.

The woven Olive. Shell oblong-cjdindrical, spire ex-
serted, columellar plaits rather small ; purple-fawn,
inteiTuptedly spotted and variegated with reddish-
chestnut, with oblong-square spots beneath the
sutures, columella and interior of the aperture
purphsh-vvhite.

Ddclos, Mon.01iv.pl. 8. f. 7, 8.

Eab. Bay of Guayaqiul and Gallapagos Islands (at a
depth of from six to twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.
There is a peculiarity in the form and colom-ing of

this species which appears constant, and renders it easy

to be recognized.

Octobe

OLIVA.— Plate XX.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva ecfula. OUv. testa, ollongd, spird hrevi, depress/!,
anfractu ultimo ad extrmiitatem posticam apertura
calhso-prodiicto, pUcis columellaribus subevanidis ;
fuscescente-spadiced, rufo-castaneo oblique faseiatd,
lineis obscure diagonaliter decussatd, columelld el aper-
ture fauce subspadiceis.

The reddish Olive. Shell oblong, spire short, de-
pressed, last whorl callously produced at the pos-
terior end of the apertui-e, columellar plaits rather
faint; browuish-fawn, obliquely banded with red-
dish-chestnut, and obscurely diagonally crossed with
lines of the same colour, columella and interior of the
aperture somewhat fawn-tinted.

DucLos, Mon. OUv. pi. 19. f. 9, 10.

Hab. Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (in sandy
mud at a depth of twenty fathoms) ; Cuming.
The form of this species is similar to that of 0. maura ;

but the cross-barred style of colouring is characteristic and

appears constant.

Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva contortuplicata. OUv. testd ovatd, tenuiculd,
medio gibbosd, subitifatd, spird brevi, acnmimtd, callosd,
apice acuta, columelld valde arcuaid, plicis peculiariter
fortiter contortis; carulescente-ffrised, zona aiujustd
c.astaned basi cingiilatd, columelld albd, apertura fauce
intense castaued.

The twisted-plaited Olive. SheU ovate, rather thin,
gibbous and slightly inflated in the middle, spire
short, acuminated, callous, sharp at the apex, colu-
mella much arched, plaits peculiarly strongly
twisted ; blue-grey, encircled round the base with a
narrow chestnut zone, columella white, interior of
the aperture veiy dark chestnut.

Hab. Senegal, West Africa.

Vei-y remarkably distinguished by a peculiar twisted

growth of the plaited portion of the columella, above and

around which is a depressed groove, coloured by the same

dark chestnut as the interior of the shell.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva multiplicata. OUv. testd oblongo-cijUndraced,
subangustd, spird acuminata, plicis columellaribus sub-
tilibus, numerosissimis, aperturd angustd ; albidd,
fusco-rubente undique minutisdrrie et eximie reticulata,
maculis petpaticis punctisi/ue medio promiscue cingu-
latd, linearum maculis infra suturas.

The maxy-plaited Olive. Shell oblong-cyhndrical,
rather narrow, spire acuminated, columellar plaits fine
and vei-y numerous, aperture nareow ; whitish, very
minutely and delicately reticulated thi'oughout with
brown-red, promiscuously encircled round the mid-
dle with a few blotches and dots, with blotches of
Hues beneath the sutures.

Hab. ?

This species is also remarkably distinct, having tlie

columellar plaits much finer and more nimierous than in

any hitherto known. The pattern consists of a delicate

net-work of most elaborate fabric, very similar to that of

the Conns gloria-maiis.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva tessellata. OUv. testd ovatd, crassd, spird hrevi,
apice acutd, plicis columellaribus latiusculis ; luted,
purpureo-nigricante sparsim maculatd, columelld et
apertures fatice interne purpureo-violaceis.
The tessellated Olive. Shell ovate, thick, spire short,
sharp at the apes, columellar plaits rather broad :
yellow, sparingly spotted with pm-ple-black, colu-
mella and interior of the aperture intense, purple-
violet.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 020.
Ci/lindrus tigrinus, Meuschen.
Voluta tigrina, Schroeter.
Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cumiug.

This well-kuomr species stands alone in the genus,
there being no other allied to it in respect of its charac-
teristic style of painting.

UUva . Fl III.

^

X

<f

•

PreSmc Ueeve i=tp.

OLIV A.

8pi'ciis 54. (Fig. a, h, Miis. Steevc ; Fig-, c,
Mus. Cumiug.)

Oliva volutella. Oliv. testa oblongo-ci/Undraceil, spird
exscrtcl, np'ice acuta, plici.i colitmellanbtis numerosis,
omnihns hamlibiis ; caruleo-r/med aid fusco-purpiired,
iiiimaculatd, sntiiris et zona basaU castaiieo-fnucis, zona
interchim a/ilem rarii jial/id? luted, cohimelld albldd,
aperturx fance iiitense caHlmied.

The little volute Olive. SbcU obloiig-cylmdrical,
spire exserted, sbarp at the apex, coliunellar plaits
numerous, all basal ; blue-grey or browu-purplc,
unspotted, sutm'es and basal zone chestnut-brown,
sometimes, but rarely, pale yellow, columella whitish,
interior of the aperture very dark chestnut.

IjAMAKCK, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. G2.:3.
Olka crendea. Wood.

Hnb. Panama (on mud banks at low water) ; Cuming.
The whole of the eolumellar plaits of this species are

upon the callous basal /.one. The shell varies in colour

from a blue-green to a very dark chestnut-purple.

Species 55. (Fig. «, b, .Mus. iletcalfe.)

Oliva AxcillaEIOIDES. Olie. tenia ohlomjd, crasm,
spird exsertd, acuminatd, plick colnuienaribii.i callosn-
contortis ; sordide carneold, immacidatd, nisi infra sii-
turas evanide strigatd, zona basali pallidiorc, cohimelld
et aperture fauce alhidis.

The Ancillaria-like Olive. Shell oblong, thick, spire
exserted, acuminated, eolumellar plaits callously twis-
ted ; dull carnelion, xmspotted save beneath the su-
tures, where it is faintly streaked, liasal zone paler,
columella and interior of the aperture wliitish.

Hab. Kurrachee, Mouth of the Indus.

The colour and general aspect of this species i
similar to that which prevails among the Ancillaritr.
only specimen known to me. in addition to the on(

very
The

figured from Mr. Metcalfe's collection, belongs to Mr.
Cuming, with the above-named locality attached to it.

Species 56. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Oliva paxillus. Oliv. testa oblongo-conicd, crassd, obesd,
subfiisiformi, spird ampUter exsertd, plicis columella-
ribus paucis ; ebunied, fuscescetite obscure notatd, ma-
culis reticulatis cnstaneis aspersis infra suturas.
The peg Olive. SheU oblong-conical, thick, stout, rather
fusiform, spire largely exserted, eolumellar plaits few
in number; ivoiy-white, obscm'cly marked with
bght brown, with scattered spots of chestnut net-
work beneath the sutures.
Hab. ?

The form and painting of this species both remind one
of certain varieties of Conns reticulatns.

Species 57. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Steere.)
Oliva ligneola. Oliv. testa ovatd, supra tumidiusculd,
spird brevi, subacutd, plicis eolumellar ibtis uumerosis,
snljecanidis ; fnlrd out nhjricante-castaned, immacu-
la/d, zona' busn/i jia/lii/ion' nigricante-castaneo tinctd,
coluinella alhd, inlirdmn pnrpurascente tinctd, apertura
fuiice cardescente-ulbd.
The -u'ooden Olive. Shell ovate, rather swollen round
the upper part, spii-e short, rather sharp, eolumellar
plaits numerous, rather faint ; fulvous or blackish-
brown, unspotted, basal zone paler, stained with
blackish chestnut, interior of the aperture bluish-
white.

//„/;. ?

The specimens here figured from Miss Steere's collec-
tion appear to represent a species distinct from any de-
scribed hitherto, one of a fulvous-brown colour, the other
a very dark brilUant chestnut, of which eolom' both have
a cliaracteristic stain at the base.

Oliva PI IXll.

%

,^^

9

^'f

I

OLIV A.

Spucifs 5s. (Fig. a, Mus. Stecre ; Fig. i, c,
Mus. Cuming.)
Oliva .iaspidea. Olio, testa acimimto-oUongd, suhfnsi-
foroii, spird crse/id, columella tenuipUcatd ; albidu,
fusco profuse Muinte punctata, maculis reticulatis infra
suturas et ad zonavi iasalem, interdum cinereo aut
caruleo nehulatd et alhvpmictatd.
The .jasper Olive. Shell aciimiuately oblong, somu-
\vli:it fusitbnn, spire exscrted, columella finely plaited:
whitish, profusely minutely dotted with brown, with
blotches of net-work beneath the sutures and on the
basal zone, sometimes clouded with ash or blue and
dotted with white.
Fohda jaspidea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 344.3.

Oliva conoidaVm, Lamarck.
Hab. West Indies. Red Sea.

Tliis pretty species is well characterized by the blotches
of net-work beneath the sutures, and by a pattern of simi-
lar design on the basal zone, whUst the intermediate space
is curiously wave-dotted. The specimens represented at
Fig. 58 a and 58 e are fi-om the West Indies, whilst the
blue-clouded variety at 58 i is from the Red Sea.

Species 59. (Mus. Steere.)
Oliva Volvarioides. Olio, testa oblongo-ovatd, spird
brevi, acuta, columella muUiplicaid, plick brevibus,
subprominentibus ; undique vividii castaned, columella
el aperturiT fauce ccerulescente-albis.
VoLVARiA-LiKE Olive. Shell oblong-ovate, spire
short, sharp, columella many-plaited, plaits short,
rather prominent ; bright chestnut thi
meUa and interior of the aperture blui

Th

hout, colu-
diite.

DucLos, Mon. Oliv. pi. 3.5. f. 14.
n„lj, ?

The uniform chestnut colouring appears to be peculiar
to tlie species in this instance.

■V-

Species 00. (Fig. a, b, c,f, ilus. Cuming ;
Fig. d, e, Mus. Steere.)
Oliva carxeola. Olio, tesld obloyigo-cyliudraci

brevi, columelld multiplicatd, pUcis brevibus ; ebnrned,
pnrpurascente dense reticnlatd, anfractiis ultimi rnar-
rjine postico punctato, deinde testa crassd, medio tu-
midd, plicis subevanidis, (inrantio-rnrnrolo ijivide fas-
ciatd.
The carnelio.v Olive. Shell oblong-cylindrical, spire
short, columella many-plaited, plaits short ; ivory- .
white, thickly reticulated with light purple, posterior
edge of the last whorl dotted, then shell thickened,
swollen round the middle, columellar plaits somewhat
faint, banded with bright orange-carnelion.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Desliayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 631 .
Varietates.

Oliva todosina and Athenia, Duclos.
Hab. Philippine Islands (at depths varying from ten t<l
sixty fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species varies from the oblong-cyhndrieal purple-
netted state represented at Fig. 60 a, b, to the stout rich
orange-carnelion banded state at Fig. 60 e, the latter being
probably an overcoating of the former. In the specimen
figiu-ed at 60 d, c, a mixture of these patterns and coloiu-s
is represented, in which the purple net -work of tlie
former state is seen beneath a layer of the canidion
enamel of the latter.

fhyii.n XX III.

k

s

A

I

[KS.a,..UAUv c-„l»r5V,l]

L I V A .

Plate XXIII.

Species 01. (Fig. n, A, Mus. Steere.)
Oliv.v semistri.\t.a.. OUv. testa acununato-ovalu, sjiini
f.rsi'i'td, hiisi hite cffusu, Irmicufd, anfractiis iilt'iud
ihnuiVm fifiniico concentric}, im'iso-strifito, striis crelier-
rimis, interclum nhfioh'tis, coIumeUa arcuald, depressd,
/»,s! uLsolr/c nmpUcatd; (jrkn.-phuJjnl :nnd hit mid
niiijHxtd ciiignliitd, spird aiHoKd, iil/jidd. sntiirh casta-
neo-liiKinici^, colamelld tjaHiqiic allii.s, ajii'ftiirrc faiice
inteuse cuHtaneo-hrnnned.
The half-stri.^ted Olive Slicll iicumiiiatcly ovate,
spire exserted, base broadly effused, truncated, pos-
terior half of the last whorl concentrically deeply
striated, striw close-set, sometimes obsolete, colu-
mella arched, depressed, obsoletely one-plaited at the
base ; greyish lead-colour, encircled with a narrow
yellowish zone, spire callous, whitish, sutures chest-
nut-brown, base and columella white, interior of the
aperture dark chestnut-brown.
Gk.ay, Zool. Beechcy's Voyage, p. 130. pi. 3(). f. 10.
Hab. Salango, West Columbia ; Cuming.

This species is well characterized by the upper or pos-
terior portion of the last whorl being very closely concen-
trically grooved «ith stria', which in the precetliug
whorls become obliterated by the flow of enamel from the
aperture.

The locality of 0. xcinhtrlata is not given in Beeeliry's
Voyage. The species was observed at Salango, by Mr.
Cuming, moving about by hundreds with great rapidity
in the wet sand.

Species 63. (Mus. Steere.)

Oliva coli'MELLAeis. OVw. teatd acuminato-omfd, de-
pressd, spird /jreviuscidd, acittd, basi late effiisd, triiit-
catd, colmnelld nsqm ad spiram crasse callosd, basi
obsolete unipUcatd ; Cfcridesceide-plumbed, luteo-allddo
bizonatd, colmiielld albd, apertwrcc fauce inteiise cas-
taneo-brnnned.

The columellar Olive. Shell acuminately ovate, de-
pressed, spire rather short, sharp, base broadly effused,
truncated, columella thickly callons all along to the
spire, obsoletely one-plaited at the base ; bluish lead-
colour, two-zoned with yeUowish-white, columella
white, interior of the aperture dark chestnut-brown.

SowEKBY, Tankerville Catalogue, .Vpp. p. o.5.

llab. I'ayta, Peru (in tine sand at low water) ; Cuming.

Remarkably distinguished by a very copious deposit ol'
enamel along the columella on to the spire.

Species Go. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Steere.)

Oliv.a lineoLata. OVw. testa acumlnato-oblonija, crassd,
spird valde exsertd, callosd, colnmelld urcttatd, bail
snbobscm-e mnltiplicatd et contortd ; spadicco-albd,
lineolis fiiscis infra sntnras stricjatd et reticidatd, basi
immactdatd, columelld et apcrtnne fauce intense vdola-
ceo-purpureis.

The LINE-NETTED Olive. Shell acuminately oblong,
thick, spire much exserted, callous, columella arched,
somewhat obscurely mauy-plaitcd and twisted at the
base ; fawn-white, streaked and reticulated beneath
the sutm-es with brown Uues, base unspotted, colu-
mella and interior of the aperture deep violet-purple.

GliAY, AVood's Index Testaceologieus, Supp. pi. 5. f. 37.
Olica dama, Duclos.

Hab. California.

The net-work of
lies from the suturi
lell are well distil
.louring.

3 species descends in rather long
The eulumeUa and interior of the
=hed bv their rich violet-liui-plc

Species (')i. (Fig. a, Mus. Steere ; Fig. /;.
Mus. Cuming.)

Oliva MVL.v. Olie. testd acmninato-oblungd, crassd, ^pird
caldi} e.csrrtd, callosd, columelld ob^r i< -./■ '.'/ ■"/('',
siiperne callosd ; lutescente-albd, luj. ■ ,s
pnrpureo eximit: jironiiscne reticulata, _/.'s. ' - /. • ■•■Sd
medio pullidiore, basi immaculald, cuiuineild et aper-
turfC fauce albis.

The snowy Olive. Shell acuminately oblong, thick,
spu-e much exserted, callous, columella obscurely
many-plaited, callons at the upper part ; yellowish-
white, delicately promiscuously reticulated beneath
the sutures with rose-purple, the reticulated band
being paler in the middle, base unspotted, columella
ami interior of the ajierture wliite.

rolnta nirca, Gmeliu, Syst. Nat. p. 3442.
tilira eburnea, Lamarck.

OLIVA.— Plate XXIll

Hull. West Indies.

Eiicirrled with a brnnd Imnd of delicately painted rose-
purple net-work upon a semitranspareut yellowish-white
o-round, the columella and interior of the apertiu-e being
fi-ee from anv tinge of colour.

Species 65. (Fig. a,b, Mus. Steere.)
()li\a Esthek. Oliv. testa ovntd, crassa, obesd, spird
lircmiiticvld, cohtmelld arcuatd, obscure muUipUcatd,
\iipfnir caUosd ; alba, linek plurimis fmcesceutibm
'irrcqnkir'itKr nndatd, vix reficj/latd, fascid castuned
(jiHiusfd nd basin, columelld et apertiira fauce alhis.
TuK Esther Olive. Shell ovate, thick, stout, spire
rather short, columella arched, obscurely many-
plaited, callous at the upper part ; white, irregularly
waved, scarcely reticulated, with numerous pale
brown lines, with a narrow chestnut band at the
base, columella and interior of the aperture white.
DucLos, Mon. Oliv. pi. 3. f. 7, «.

A shell of short stout growth, in which the jiaii
the character of an unravelled net -work.

66. (Mus. Cumiug.)

Oliva nana. Ol'm. testd subirigono-ovutd, superne tumidd,
caUosd, spird brevi, columelld valde callosd, pracipue
versus spiram, basi obscure mii- bi-plicatd ; albidd aut
spadiceo-lutescente, medio lineis castaneis acute angulu-
iis concentrice undatd.

The dwakf Olive. Shell somewhat triangularly ovate,
swollen and callous round the upper part, spire short,
columella very callous towards the spire, base ob-
scurely one- two-plaited ; whitish or light fawn-yel-
low, concentrically waved round the middle with
zigzag chestnut lines.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes' edit.) vol. x. p. 631.
Voluta micnns, Dillwyn.

Uab. West Indies.

This little species is well characterized by its swollen

callous growth round the upper or ])osterior edge of the

whorls, and bv its concenti-ie zigzag style of paintius.

(Il/va . FI. HIT

fm

m \

L I V A .

Plate XXIV.

Species 67. (Fig. a, Mus. Stecre ; Fig. b,
Jlus. Cumii.g.)

()L1V.\ LEIICOZOXIAS. fMic. li >ilv ,ini uihinto-tihlouijfi , spird
aciiti exsertd, columfllii i,inUipli<'utd. jilicis \iilitilii'>iis,
ruiiferlk ; auraHtio-hil,'d. :ni,is niiyiid'h'i disluntihiia
(illm riiHjuhdd, nigro promisciti: kidiginosd i4 piuictutd,
colHiiii-Ud id apvrlurce fauce alhis.

I'HE WHITE-ZONED Olive. Shell acuininately oblong,
spire sliai-ply e.xserted, columella many-plaited, plaits
fine, close-set ; orange-yellow, encircled with two dis-
tant narrow wliite zones, anil proiuiscnously freckled
and dotted with black, columella and interior of the
aperture white.

(iR.iY, Zool. Beechcy's Voyage, p. 1:50. pi. 3(5. f. 24.

Hal). Senegal.

Distinguished by a very peculiar style of painting,
which consists of a uniform orange-yellow iiTcgularly
freckled and s])otted with black, and encircled by two
narrow white bands, one next the sutures, over which the
black apjjcars in larger freckles, and one a little above the
anterior or basal zone.

Species 68. (Mus. Steere.)

< )LI\ A lllEliOGLYPlUCA. Olic. Usld obhiigd, siipenii' lii-
iji'ulinscnld, spird miljiiriiiiiiiiiitd, p/icis coIiiiiK'llarihiiH
iiiiMcrosis, diMuclU .■ i-hnrurd. ,iiti:iiU', maridia /licnj-
gl^p///cisfuscesci')i/djiis /rixrriiit/M riiigiilatd.

The niEiioGLYPiiic Olive. Shell oblnng, rather swollen
round the upjjer part, spire slightly acuminated,
coluuicUar plaits numerous, distinct ; ivory-white,
shining, encircled by three row, of pale lirowu hiero-
glyphic marks.

.Vnip
uirkin

its peculiarities of form and

Species 69. (Fig. a, //, c, d, .Mus. Cuming.)
Oliva zenopira. Oliv. testa ovatd, crassd, pli/s mIuks
ol/esd, spird t/revi, columelld obsok'ti leiiuipHcald, sii-
l>t'nte i-akU callosd : I'bunird, liiieis subtilibiis midutis

medio bifasciatim eingulatd, interdum griseo-fusces-
ce>//f, macidis pareis aid slrigis nigricaniibui, ceerideo-
nmbrutis, proiniscid; iiotntd, soud pallidi caxltnifd (id
basin, columelld albd, viacidd ampld castaned iiiterdmu
tiiictd.
The variable Olive. Shell ovate, thick, more or less
stout, spire short, columella obsoletely finely plaited,
very callous at the upper part; ivory-white, cn-
cu-cled round the middle with two bands of fivi-
zigzag hues, sometimes greyish-brown, promiscu-
ously marked with blue-shaded blackish streaks or
small spots, with a pale chestnut zone at the base,
columella white, sometimes stained with a large
chestnut blotch.
DrcLOs, Mon. Oliv. pi. 3. f. 11, l;i.
Hub. Madagascar.

The colouring of this species is so exceedingly variable,
that it requires a collection of many specimens to under-
stand the relation that subsists between the extreme con-
ditions of if, represented in the accompanying plate.

Species 70. (Fig. «, b, Jlus. Cuming; Fig. <;
Mus. Metcalfe.)

Oliva c.erulea. Oliv. iesld acumiiudo-oblongd, spird
exsertd, coliaiwUd arcuatd, bad coidortd, plicis oIihu-
letis : idbidd, crfridm vivide tinctd, inierdnni fiiscu
sidjlitissiiiie piiiietatd, s/duris basique plus minus intense
custaneis, apicc nigricante, columelld et apertura' fauee
plerumque castaneo tinctd.

The blue Olive. Shell acuminately oblong, spire ex-
serted, columella arched, twisted at the base, plaits
obsolete ; whitish, brightly stained with blue, some-
times very finely dotted with brown, base and sutures
more or less deeply stained with chestnut, apex
blackish, columella and interior of the apertun^ gene-
rally stained with chestnut.

llcdi. Carthagena, Central America?

An interesting small species, of mostly a bright blue

jinrcelaiii character, sometimes, but rarely, finely dotted

with brown, and encircled at the base with very dark

chestnut.

()Jiva,PJ.IIT.

m

OLIV A

Species 71. (Mas. Steere.)

Oi.iVA DEALBATA. OUv. leslci ttciminalo-obloiiffd, mbaii-
r/ustu, spird vxsertd, apice acuta, columelld leviter ar-
cuatd,pUcis obliquh, dhtaMtihus,fere evauidis; ebitnied,
ptinctk fiiscis saglltariis infra suturas notatd, hasi
fiisco uparsiiii tbicld.

The bleached Olive. Slicll aouminatcly oblong,
rather narrow, spire esserted, sliarp at the a])ex,
eolumella slightly curved, plaits oblique, distant,
almost faded ; ivory-wliite, marked bcneatli the su-
ture with arrow-licaded brown dots, base sparingly
stained with brown.

Ilaf,. ?

This species appears to be distinct in respect of fonn,
and may ])rove to be uniformly as colourless as the spe-
cimen here figured.

Species 72. (Fig. rt, Mus. Cuming;
Fig. b, Mus. Steere.)

Oliva sthigata. OUv. testa ovatd, tiiinidiuscnld, Ehnr-
lupfoniii, spird e.rsertd, columelld callom, basi uiiipli-
cutd ; sordide spadiced, striffia fit-icesceiitibus umlatis
longitudinalitcr pictd, columdld albd, aperturm fame
fiiscesceute.

The streaked Olive. Shell ovate, rather swollen,
Eburna-shaped, spire exsertcd, columella callous, oue